Protein degraders and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides compounds, compositions thereof, and methods of using the same for the targeted degradation of proteins, and the treatment of target protein-mediated disorders.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. Pat. Application No. 16/961,366, filed Jul. 10, 2020, which is a national stage filing under U.S.C. § 371 of PCT International Application PCT/US2019/013481, filed Jan. 14, 2019, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/616,665, filed Jan. 12, 2018, the entirety of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to compounds and methods useful for the modulation of targeted ubiquitination, especially with respect to a variety of polypeptides and other proteins, which are degraded and/or otherwise inhibited by compounds according to the present invention. The invention also provides pharmaceutically acceptable compositions comprising compounds of the present invention and methods of using said compositions in the treatment of various disorders.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway (UPP) is a critical pathway that regulates key regulator proteins and degrades misfolded or abnormal proteins. UPP is central to multiple cellular processes, and if defective or imbalanced, it leads to pathogenesis of a variety of diseases. The covalent attachment of ubiquitin to specific protein substrates is achieved through the action of E3 ubiquitin ligases. These ligases comprise over 500 different proteins and are categorized into multiple classes defined by the structural element of their E3 functional activity.

Cereblon (CRBN) interacts with damaged DNA binding protein 1 and forms an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex with Cullin 4 where it functions as a substrate receptor in which the proteins recognized by CRBN might be ubiquitinated and degraded by proteasomes.

Proteasome-mediated degradation of unneeded or damaged proteins plays a very important role in maintaining regular function of a cell, such as cell survival, proliferation and growth. A new role for CRBN has been identified; i.e., the binding of immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs), e.g. thalidomide, to CRBN has now been associated with teratogenicity and also the cytotoxicity of IMiDs, including lenalidomide, which are widely used to treat multiple myeloma patients. CRBN is likely a key player in the binding, ubiquitination and degradation of factors involved in maintaining function of myeloma cells. These new findings regarding the role of CRBN in IMiD action stimulated intense investigation of CRBN’s downstream factors involved in maintaining regular function of a cell (Chang and Stewart Int J Biochem Mol Biol. 2011; 2(3): 287-294).

UPP plays a key role in the degradation of short-lived and regulatory proteins important in a variety of basic cellular processes, including regulation of the cell cycle, modulation of cell surface receptors and ion channels, and antigen presentation. The pathway has been implicated in several forms of malignancy, in the pathogenesis of several genetic diseases (including cystic fibrosis, Angelman’s syndrome, and Liddle syndrome), in immune surveillance/viral pathogenesis, and in the pathology of muscle wasting. Many diseases are associated with an abnormal UPP and negatively affect cell cycle and division, the cellular response to stress and to extracellular modulators, morphogenesis of neuronal networks, modulation of cell surface receptors, ion channels, the secretory pathway, DNA repair and biogenesis of organelles.

Aberrations in the process have recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, both inherited and acquired. These diseases fall into two major groups: (a) those that result from loss of function with the resultant stabilization of certain proteins, and (b) those that result from gain of function, i.e. abnormal or accelerated degradation of the protein target.

The UPP is used to induce selective protein degradation, including use of fusion proteins to artificially ubiquitinate target proteins and synthetic small-molecule probes to induce proteasome-dependent degradation. Bifunctional compounds composed of a target protein-binding ligand and an E3 ubiquitin ligase ligand, induced proteasome-mediated degradation of selected proteins via their recruitment to E3 ubiquitin ligase and subsequent ubiquitination. These drug-like molecules offer the possibility of temporal control over protein expression. Such compounds are capable of inducing the inactivation of a protein of interest upon addition to cells or administration to an animal or human, and could be useful as biochemical reagents and lead to a new paradigm for the treatment of diseases by removing pathogenic or oncogenic proteins (Crews C, Chemistry & Biology, 2010, 17(6):551-555; Schnnekloth JS Jr., Chembiochem, 2005, 6(1):40-46).

An ongoing need exists in the art for effective treatments for disease, especially hyperplasias and cancers, such as multiple myeloma. However, non-specific effects, and the inability to target and modulate certain classes of proteins altogether, such as transcription factors, remain as obstacles to the development of effective anti-cancer agents. As such, small molecule therapeutic agents that leverage or potentiate cereblon’s substrate specificity and, at the same time, are“tunable” such that a wide range of protein classes can be targetted and modulated with specificity would be very useful as a therapeutic. Accordingly, there remains a need to find bifunctional compounds that are protein degraders useful as therapeutic agents.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present application relates novel bifunctional compounds, which function to recruit targeted proteins to E3 Ubiquitin Ligase for degradation, and methods of preparation and uses thereof. In particular, the present disclosure provides bifunctional compounds, which find utility as modulators of targeted ubiquitination of a variety of polypeptides and other proteins, which are then degraded and/or otherwise inhibited by the bifunctional compounds as described herein. An advantage of the compounds provided herein is that a broad range of pharmacological activities is possible, consistent with the degradation/inhibition of targeted polypeptides from virtually any protein class or family. In addition, the description provides methods of using an effective amount of the compounds as described herein for the treatment or amelioration of a disease condition, such as cancer, e.g., multiple myeloma.

The present application further relates to targeted degradation of proteins through the use of bifunctional molecules, including bifunctional molecules that link a cereblon-binding moiety to a ligand that binds the targeted protein.

The present application also relates to a bifunctional compound having the following structure:

wherein,

-   TBM is a target binding moiety capable of binding to the targeted     protein(s); -   L is a bivalent moiety that connects TBM to UBM; and -   UBM is a ubiquitin binding moiety capable of binding to a ubiquitin     ligase such as an E3 Ubiquitin Ligase (e.g., cereblon).

It has now been found that compounds of this invention, and pharmaceutically acceptable compositions thereof, are effective for the modulation of targeted ubiquitination. Such compounds have the general Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each variable is as defined and described herein.

It has also now been found that other compounds of this invention, and pharmaceutically acceptable compositions thereof, are effective for the modulation of targeted ubiquitination. Such compounds have the general Formula I′:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each variable is as defined and described herein.

Compounds of the present invention, and pharmaceutically acceptable compositions thereof, are useful for treating a variety of diseases, disorders or conditions. Such diseases, disorders, or conditions include those described herein.

Compounds provided by this invention are also useful for the study of CRBN and targeted proteins in biological and pathological phenomena; the study of CRBN and targeted proteins occurring in bodily tissues; and the comparative evaluation of new CRBN or targeted protein ligands or other regulators of CRBN or targeted proteins in vitro or in vivo.

LENGTHY TABLES The patent contains a lengthy table section. A copy of the table is available in electronic form from the USPTO web site ( https://seqdata.uspto.gov/?pageRequest=docDetail&DocID=US20230295180A1 ). An electronic copy of the table will also be available from the USPTO upon request and payment of the fee set forth in 37 CFR 1.19(b)(3).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS 1. General Description of Certain Embodiments of the Invention

Compounds of the present invention, and compositions thereof, are useful for the modulation of targeted ubiquitination.

As defined herein, the terms “binder,” “modulator,” and “ligand” are used interchangeably and describe a compound that binds to, modulates or is a ligand for CRBN or a targeted protein.

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   Ring A is selected from

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   each of X¹ and X⁶ is independently a bivalent moiety selected from a     covalent bond, —O—, —CH₂—, —C(R¹)H—, —C(R¹)₂—, —C(O)—, —C(NR¹)—,     —C(S)—, or

-   

-   X² is a trivalent moiety selected from

-   

-   

-   

-   each of X³ and X⁴ is independently a bivalent moiety selected from a     covalent bond, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, or —N(R)—;

-   X⁵ is a bivalent moiety selected from a covalent bond, —O—, —CH₂—,     —C(R¹)H—, —C(R¹)₂—, —C(NR¹)—, —C(S)—, or

-   

-   each R is independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted group     selected from C₁₋₆ aliphatic, phenyl, a 4-7 membered saturated or     partially unsaturated heterocyclic having 1-2 heteroatoms     independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and a 5-6     membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently     selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; or     -   two R groups on the same nitrogen are optionally taken together         with their intervening atoms to form a 4-7 membered saturated,         partially unsaturated, or heteroaryl ring having 0-3         heteroatoms, in addition to the nitrogen, independently selected         from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;

-   each R¹ is independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, —CN, —OR,     —SR, —S(O)R, —S(O)₂R, —N(R)₂, or an optionally substituted C₁₋₄     aliphatic; or     -   two R¹ groups on the same carbon are optionally taken together         with their intervening atoms to form a 3-6 membered spiro fused         ring; or     -   two R¹ groups on adjacent carbon atoms are optionally taken         together with their intervening atoms to form a 3-6 membered         saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl fused ring having 0-2         heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or         sulfur;

-   each R² is independently hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OR, —SR,     —N(R)₂, —S(O)₂R, —S(O)2N(R)₂, —S(O)R, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NR₂,     —C(O)N(R)OR, —OC(O)R, —OC(O)NR₂, —N(R)C(O)OR, —N(R)C(O)R,     —N(R)C(O)NR₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ aliphatic,     optionally substituted phenyl, an optionally substituted 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having     1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or     sulfur, or an optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring     having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen,     or sulfur;

-   L¹ is a covalent bond or a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated,     straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene     units of L¹ are independently and optionally replaced by —O—, —NR³—,     —S—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NR³S(O)₂—,     —S(O)₂NR³—, —NR³C(O)—, —C(O)NR³—, —OC(O)NR³—, —NR³C(O)O—,

-   

-   

-   provided that L¹ is not a covalent bond, —CH₂—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)OCH₂—,     —CH₂C(O)—, —C(O)CH₂—, —NR³C(O)—, —C(O)NR³—, or —CH₂CH₂— when Ring A     is

-   

-   and X¹ is —C(O)— or Ring A is

-   

-   and X² is

-   

-   

-   L² is a covalent bond or a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated,     straight or branched C₁₋₅₀ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 0-6 methylene     units of L² are independently replaced by —Cy—, —O—, —NR—, —S—,     —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NRS(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR—,     —NRC(O)—, —C(O)NR—, —OC(O)NR—, —NRC(O)O—,

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   wherein:

-   each -Cy- is independently an optionally substituted bivalent ring     selected from phenylenyl, 8-10 membered bicyclic arylenyl, 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclylenyl, 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated spiro carbocyclylenyl,     8-10 membered bicyclic saturated or partially unsaturated     carbocyclylenyl, 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated     heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from     nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 4-7 membered saturated or partially     unsaturated spiro heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms     independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 8-10     membered bicyclic saturated or partially unsaturated     heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from     nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 5-6 membered heteroarylenyl having 1-4     heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur,     or 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroarylenyl having 1-5 heteroatoms     independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;

-   each R³ is independently hydrogen or C₁₋₄ aliphatic;

-   Ring B is a bivalent ring selected from 4-7 membered saturated or     partially unsaturated carbocyclylenyl, phenylenyl, 8-10 membered     bicyclic arylenyl, 5-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated     heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from     nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 8-10 membered partially saturated     bicyclic heteroarylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently     selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 5-6 membered     heteroarylenyl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from     nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or 8-10 membered bicyclic     heteroarylenyl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from     nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein Ring B is optionally further     substituted with 1-2 oxo groups;

-   TBM is a target binding moiety;

-   m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;

-   n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and

-   each of p is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I′:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   Ring A is selected from

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   each of X¹, X⁵, and X⁶ is independently a bivalent moiety selected     from a covalent bond, —O—, —S—, —C(R¹)CF₃—, —C(R¹)₂—, —C(O)—,     —N(R¹)—, —C(NR¹)—, —C(S)—, —Si(R¹)₂—, —P(O)(R¹)—, —P(O)(OR¹)—,     —P(O)N(R¹)₂—, or

-   

-   X² is a trivalent moiety selected from

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   each of X³ and X⁴ is independently a bivalent moiety selected from a     covalent bond, —O—, —S—, —C(R¹)F—, —CF₂—, —C(R¹)₂—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—,     —Si(R¹)₂—, —P(O)(R¹)—, or —N(R)—;

-   each R is independently hydrogen, deuterium, or an optionally     substituted group selected from C₁₋ ₆ aliphatic, phenyl, a 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having     1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur, a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4     heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur, a 7-13 membered saturated, partially     unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring     having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen,     oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, and a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl     ring having 1-4 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron,     nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur; or     -   two R groups on the same nitrogen are optionally taken together         with their intervening atoms to form a 4-8 membered saturated,         partially unsaturated, or heteroaryl monocyclic ring having 0-1         heteroatom, in addition to the nitrogen, independently selected         from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or a 7-13         membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic         ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 0-2 heteroatoms, in         addition to the nitrogen, independently selected from boron,         nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur;

-   each R¹ is independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, —CN, —OR,     —SR, —S(O)R, —S(O)₂R, —N(R)₂, —P(O)(OR)₂, —P(O)(NR₂)OR, —P(O)(NR₂)₂,     —Si(OH)R₂, —Si(OH)₂R, —SiR₃, or an optionally substituted C₁₋₄     aliphatic; or     -   R¹ and X¹ or X⁴ are taken together with their intervening atoms         to form a 5-7 membered saturated, partially unsaturated,         carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms,         independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or         sulfur;     -   two R¹ groups on the same carbon are optionally taken together         with their intervening atoms to form a 3-6 membered spiro fused         ring or a 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms         independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or         sulfur;     -   two R¹ groups on adjacent carbon atoms are optionally taken         together with their intervening atoms to form a 3-7 membered         saturated, partially unsaturated, carbocyclic ring or         heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected         from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or a 7-13         membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic         ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms,         independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or         sulfur;

-   each R² is independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, —CN, —NO₂,     —OR, —SR, —NR₂, —Si(OH)₂R, —Si(OH)(R)₂, —Si(R)₃, —S(O)₂R, —S(O)₂NR₂,     —S(O)R, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NR₂, —C(O)N(R)OR, —OC(O)R, —OC(O)NR₂,     —N(R)C(O)OR, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)C(O)NR₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —N(R)S(O)₂NR₂,     —P(O)(OR)₂, —P(O)(NR₂)OR, —P(O)(NR₂)₂, optionally substituted C₁₋₆     aliphatic, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having     1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur, optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl     ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from boron,     nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, optionally substituted 7-13     membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic     ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms,     independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or     sulfur; or a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4     heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur;

-   L¹ is a covalent bond or a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated,     straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene     units of L¹ are independently and optionally replaced by —O—, —NR³—,     —S—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —Si(R¹)₂—, —P(O)(R¹)—, —P(O)(OR)₋,     —P(O)(NR₂)—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NR³S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR³—, —NR³C(O)—,     —C(O)NR³—, —OC(O)NR³—, —NR³C(O)O—,

-   

-   

-   provided that L¹ is other than a covalent bond or a bivalent,     saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon     chain, wherein 1-2 methylene units of L¹ are independently and     optionally replaced by —O—, —NR³—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—,     —NR³S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR³—, —N(R)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R)—, or —NR³C(O)O— when     Ring A is

-   

-   and X¹ is —C(O)—, Ring A is

-   

-   and X² is

-   

-   

-   Ring A is

-   

-   and X² is

-   

-   Ring A is

-   

-   Ring A is

-   

-   and X¹ is —C(O)— or —CH₂—, or Ring A is

-   

-   and X² is

-   

-   or

-   

-   each R³ is independently hydrogen, deuterium, or optionally     substituted C₁₋₄ aliphatic;

-   L² is a covalent bond or a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated,     straight or branched C₁₋₅₀ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 0-6 methylene     units of L² are independently replaced by —Cy—, —O—, —NR—, —S—,     —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NRS(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR—,     —NRC(O)—, —C(O)NR—, —OC(O)NR—, —NRC(O)O—,

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   wherein:

-   each -Cy- is independently an optionally substituted bivalent ring     selected from phenylenyl, 8-10 membered bicyclic arylenyl, 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclylenyl, 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated spiro carbocyclylenyl,     8-10 membered bicyclic saturated or partially unsaturated     carbocyclylenyl, 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated     heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from     nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 4-7 membered saturated or partially     unsaturated spiro heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms     independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 8-10     membered bicyclic saturated or partially unsaturated     heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from     nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 5-6 membered heteroarylenyl having 1-4     heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur,     or 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroarylenyl having 1-5 heteroatoms     independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;

-   Ring B is selected from a 3 to 7-membered saturated or partially     unsaturated carbocyclic ring, phenyl, 8-10 membered bicyclic     carbocyclic aromatic ring, 4-7 membered saturated or partially     unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently     selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, 5-6     membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently     selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, 7-13     membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic     ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms,     independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or     sulfur, or a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4     heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur; wherein Ring B is optionally further substituted     with 1-2 oxo groups;

-   TBM is a target binding moiety;

-   m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;

-   n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and

-   each of p is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.

2. Compounds and Definitions

Compounds of the present invention include those described generally herein, and are further illustrated by the classes, subclasses, and species disclosed herein. As used herein, the following definitions shall apply unless otherwise indicated. For purposes of this invention, the chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75^(th) Ed. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry are described in “Organic Chemistry”, Thomas Sorrell, University Science Books, Sausalito: 1999, and “March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry”, 5^(th) Ed., Ed.: Smith, M.B. and March, J., John Wiley & Sons, New York: 2001, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

The term “aliphatic” or “aliphatic group”, as used herein, means a straight-chain (i.e., unbranched) or branched, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon chain that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation, or a monocyclic hydrocarbon or bicyclic hydrocarbon that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation, but which is not aromatic (also referred to herein as “carbocycle,” “cycloaliphatic” or “cycloalkyl”), that has a single point of attachment to the rest of the molecule. Unless otherwise specified, aliphatic groups contain 1-6 aliphatic carbon atoms. In some embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-5 aliphatic carbon atoms. In other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-4 aliphatic carbon atoms. In still other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-3 aliphatic carbon atoms, and in yet other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-2 aliphatic carbon atoms. In some embodiments, “cycloaliphatic” (or “carbocycle” or “cycloalkyl”) refers to a monocyclic C₃-C₆ hydrocarbon that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation, but which is not aromatic, that has a single point of attachment to the rest of the molecule. Suitable aliphatic groups include, but are not limite to, linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl groups and hybrids thereof such as (cycloalkyl)alkyl, (cycloalkenyl)alkyl or (cycloalkyl)alkenyl.

As used herein, the term “bridged bicyclic” refers to any bicyclic ring system, i.e. carbocyclic or heterocyclic, saturated or partially unsaturated, having at least one bridge. As defined by IUPAC, a “bridge” is an unbranched chain of atoms or an atom or a valence bond connecting two bridgeheads, where a “bridgehead” is any skeletal atom of the ring system which is bonded to three or more skeletal atoms (excluding hydrogen). In some embodiments, a bridged bicyclic group has 7-12 ring members and 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Such bridged bicyclic groups are well known in the art and include those groups set forth below where each group is attached to the rest of the molecule at any substitutable carbon or nitrogen atom. Unless otherwise specified, a bridged bicyclic group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as set forth for aliphatic groups. Additionally or alternatively, any substitutable nitrogen of a bridged bicyclic group is optionally substituted. Exemplary bridged bicyclics include:

The term “lower alkyl” refers to a C₁₋₄ straight or branched alkyl group. Exemplary lower alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl.

The term “lower haloalkyl” refers to a C₁₋₄ straight or branched alkyl group that is substituted with one or more halogen atoms.

The term “heteroatom” means one or more of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, or silicon (including, any oxidized form of nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or silicon; the quaternized form of any basic nitrogen or; a substitutable nitrogen of a heterocyclic ring, for example N (as in 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrolyl), NH (as in pyrrolidinyl) or NR⁺ (as in N-substituted pyrrolidinyl)).

The term “unsaturated,” as used herein, means that a moiety has one or more units of unsaturation.

As used herein, the term “bivalent C₁₋₈ (or C₁₋₆) saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain”, refers to bivalent alkylene, alkenylene, and alkynylene chains that are straight or branched as defined herein.

The term “alkylene” refers to a bivalent alkyl group. An “alkylene chain” is a polymethylene group, i.e., —(CH₂)_(n)—, wherein n is a positive integer, preferably from 1 to 6, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 3, from 1 to 2, or from 2 to 3. A substituted alkylene chain is a polymethylene group in which one or more methylene hydrogen atoms are replaced with a substituent. Suitable substituents include those described below for a substituted aliphatic group.

The term “alkenylene” refers to a bivalent alkenyl group. A substituted alkenylene chain is a polymethylene group containing at least one double bond in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with a substituent. Suitable substituents include those described below for a substituted aliphatic group.

As used herein, the term “cyclopropylenyl” refers to a bivalent cyclopropyl group of the following structure:

The term “halogen” means F, Cl, Br, or I.

The term “aryl” used alone or as part of a larger moiety as in “aralkyl,” “aralkoxy,” or “aryloxyalkyl,” refers to monocyclic or bicyclic ring systems having a total of five to fourteen ring members, wherein at least one ring in the system is aromatic and wherein each ring in the system contains 3 to 7 ring members. The term “aryl” may be used interchangeably with the term “aryl ring.” In certain embodiments of the present invention, “aryl” refers to an aromatic ring system which includes, but not limited to, phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, anthracyl and the like, which may bear one or more substituents. Also included within the scope of the term “aryl,” as it is used herein, is a group in which an aromatic ring is fused to one or more non-aromatic rings, such as indanyl, phthalimidyl, naphthimidyl, phenanthridinyl, or tetrahydronaphthyl, and the like.

The terms “heteroaryl” and “heteroar-,” used alone or as part of a larger moiety, e.g., “heteroaralkyl,” or “heteroaralkoxy,” refer to groups having 5 to 10 ring atoms, preferably 5, 6, or 9 ring atoms; having 6, 10, or 14 π electrons shared in a cyclic array; and having, in addition to carbon atoms, from one to five heteroatoms. The term “heteroatom” refers to nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and includes any oxidized form of nitrogen or sulfur, and any quaternized form of a basic nitrogen. Heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, thienyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, indolizinyl, purinyl, naphthyridinyl, and pteridinyl. The terms “heteroaryl” and “heteroar-”, as used herein, also include groups in which a heteroaromatic ring is fused to one or more aryl, cycloaliphatic, or heterocyclyl rings, where the radical or point of attachment is on the heteroaromatic ring. Nonlimiting examples include indolyl, isoindolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, dibenzofuranyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, and pyrido[2,3-b]-1,4-oxazin-3(4H)-one. A heteroaryl group may be mono- or bicyclic. The term “heteroaryl” may be used interchangeably with the terms “heteroaryl ring,” “heteroaryl group,” or “heteroaromatic,” any of which terms include rings that are optionally substituted. The term “heteroaralkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted by a heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl and heteroaryl portions independently are optionally substituted.

As used herein, the terms “heterocycle,” “heterocyclyl,” “heterocyclic radical,” and “heterocyclic ring” are used interchangeably and refer to a stable 5- to 7-membered monocyclic or 7-10-membered bicyclic heterocyclic moiety that is either saturated or partially unsaturated, and having, in addition to carbon atoms, one or more, preferably one to four, heteroatoms, as defined above. When used in reference to a ring atom of a heterocycle, the term “nitrogen” includes a substituted nitrogen. As an example, in a saturated or partially unsaturated ring having 0-3 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, the nitrogen may be N (as in 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrolyl), NH (as in pyrrolidinyl), or ⁺NR (as in N-substituted pyrrolidinyl).

A heterocyclic ring can be attached to its pendant group at any heteroatom or carbon atom that results in a stable structure and any of the ring atoms can be optionally substituted. Examples of such saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic radicals include, without limitation, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperazinyl, dioxanyl, dioxolanyl, diazepinyl, oxazepinyl, thiazepinyl, morpholinyl, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptane, and quinuclidinyl. The terms “heterocycle,” “heterocyclyl,” “heterocyclyl ring,” “heterocyclic group,” “heterocyclic moiety,” and “heterocyclic radical,” are used interchangeably herein, and also include groups in which a heterocyclyl ring is fused to one or more aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloaliphatic rings, such as indolinyl, 3H-indolyl, chromanyl, phenanthridinyl, or tetrahydroquinolinyl. A heterocyclyl group may be mono- or bicyclic. The term “heterocyclylalkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted by a heterocyclyl, wherein the alkyl and heterocyclyl portions independently are optionally substituted.

As used herein, the term “partially unsaturated” refers to a ring moiety that includes at least one double or triple bond. The term “partially unsaturated” is intended to encompass rings having multiple sites of unsaturation, but is not intended to include aryl or heteroaryl moieties, as herein defined.

As described herein, compounds of the invention may contain “optionally substituted” moieties. In general, the term “substituted,” whether preceded by the term “optionally” or not, means that one or more hydrogens of the designated moiety are replaced with a suitable substituent. Unless otherwise indicated, an “optionally substituted” group may have a suitable substituent at each substitutable position of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure may be substituted with more than one substituent selected from a specified group, the substituent may be either the same or different at every position. Combinations of substituents envisioned by this invention are preferably those that result in the formation of stable or chemically feasible compounds. The term “stable,” as used herein, refers to compounds that are not substantially altered when subjected to conditions to allow for their production, detection, and, in certain embodiments, their recovery, purification, and use for one or more of the purposes disclosed herein.

Suitable monovalent substituents on a substitutable carbon atom of an “optionally substituted” group are independently halogen; —(CH₂)₀₋₄R°; —(CH₂)₀₋₄OR°; —O(CH₂)₀₋₄R°, —O—(CH₂)₀₋₄C(O)OR°; —(CH₂)₀₋₄CH(OR°)₂; —(CH₂)₀₋₄SR°; —(CH₂)₀₋₄Ph, which may be substituted with R°; —(CH₂)₀₋₄O(CH₂)₀₋₁Ph which may be substituted with R°; —CH═CHPh, which may be substituted with R°; —(CH₂)₀₋₄O(CH₂)₀₋₁—pyridyl which may be substituted with R°; —NO₂; —CN; —N₃; —(CH₂)₀₋₄N(R°)₂; —(CH₂)₀₋₄N(R°)C(O)R°; —N(R°)C(S)R°; —(CH₂)₀₋₄N(R°)C(O)NR°₂; —N(R°)C(S)NR°₂; —(CH₂)₀₋₄N(R°)C(O)OR°; —N(R°)N(R°)C(O)R°; —N(R°)N(R°)C(O)NR°₂; —N(R°)N(R°)C(O)OR°; —(CH₂)₀₋₄C(O)R°; —C(S)R°; —(CH₂)₀₋₄C(O)OR°; —(CH₂)₀₋₄C(O)SR°; —(CH₂)₀₋₄C(O)OSiR°₃; —(CH₂)₀₋₄0C(O)R°; —OC(O)(CH₂)₀₋₄SR°; —SC(S)SR°; —(CH₂)₀₋₄SC(O)R°; —(CH₂)₀₋₄C(O)NR°₂; —C(S)NR°₂; —C(S)SR°; —(CH₂)₀₋₄OC(O)NR°₂; —C(O)N(OR°)R°; —C(O)C(O)R°; —C(O)CH₂C(O)R°; —C(NOR°)R°; —(CH₂)₀₋₄SSR°; —(CH₂)₀₋ ₄S(O)₂R°; —(CH₂)₀₋₄S(O)₂OR°; —(CH₂)₀₋₄OS(O)₂R°; —S(O)₂NR°₂; —(CH₂)₀₋₄S(O)R°; —N(R°)S(O)₂NR°₂; —N(R°)S(O)₂R°; —N(OR°)R°; —C(NH)NR°₂; —P(O)₂R°; —P(O)R°₂; —OP(O)R°₂; —OP(O)(OR°)₂; —SiR°₃; —(C₁₋₄ straight or branched alkylene)O—N(R°)₂; or —(C₁₋₄ straight or branched alkylene)C(O)O—N(R°)₂, wherein each R° may be substituted as defined below and is independently hydrogen, C₁₋₆ aliphatic, —CH₂Ph, —O(CH₂)₀₋₁Ph,—CH₂—(5-6 membered heteroaryl ring), or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or, notwithstanding the definition above, two independent occurrences of R°, taken together with their intervening atom(s), form a 3-12-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl mono- or bicyclic ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, which may be substituted as defined below.

Suitable monovalent substituents on R° (or the ring formed by taking two independent occurrences of R° together with their intervening atoms), are independently halogen, —(CH₂)₀₋₂R^(•), -(haloR^(•)), —(CH₂)₀₋₂OH, —(CH₂)₀₋₂OR^(•), —(CH₂)₀₋₂CH(OR^(•))₂; —O(haloR^(•)), —CN, —N₃, —(CH₂)₀₋ ₂C(O)R^(•), —(CH₂)₀₋₂C(O)OH, —(CH₂)₀₋₂C(O)OR^(•), —(CH₂)₀₋₂SR^(•), —(CH₂)₀₋₂SH, —(CH₂)₀₋₂NH₂, —(CH₂)₀₋₂NHR^(•), —(CH₂)₀₋₂NR^(•) ₂, —NO₂, —SiR^(•) ₃, —OSiR^(•) ₃, —C(O)SR^(•), —(C₁₋₄ straight or branched alkylene)C(O)OR^(•), or —SSR^(•) wherein each R^(•) is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently selected from C₁₋₄ aliphatic, —CH₂Ph, —O(CH₂)₀₋₁Ph, or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Suitable divalent substituents on a saturated carbon atom of R° include ═O and ═S.

Suitable divalent substituents on a saturated carbon atom of an “optionally substituted” group include the following: ═O, ═S, ═NNR*₂, ═NNHC(O)R*, ═NNHC(O)OR*, ═NNHS(O)₂R*, ═NR*, ═NOR*, —O(C(R*₂))₂₋₃O—, or —S(C(R*₂))₂₋₃S—, wherein each independent occurrence of R* is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below, or an unsubstituted 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Suitable divalent substituents that are bound to vicinal substitutable carbons of an “optionally substituted” group include: —O(CR*₂)₂₋ ₃O—, wherein each independent occurrence of R* is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below, or an unsubstituted 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

Suitable substituents on the aliphatic group of R* include halogen, —R^(•), —(haloR*), —OH, —OR^(•), —O(haloR^(•)), —CN, —C(O)OH, —C(O)OR^(•), —NH₂, —NHR^(•), —NR^(•) ₂, or —NO₂, wherein each R^(•) is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently C₁₋₄ aliphatic, —CH₂Ph, —O(CH₂)₀₋₁Ph, or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

Suitable substituents on a substitutable nitrogen of an “optionally substituted” group include —R^(†), —NR^(†) ₂, —C(O)R^(†), —C(O)OR^(†), —C(O)C(O)R^(†), —C(O)CH₂C(O)R^(†), —S(O)₂R^(†), —S(O)₂NR^(†) ₂, —C(S)NR^(†) ₂, —C(NH)NR^(†) ₂, or —N(R^(†))S(O)₂R^(†); wherein each R^(†) is independently hydrogen, C₁₋₆ aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below, unsubstituted —OPh, or an unsubstituted 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or, notwithstanding the definition above, two independent occurrences of R^(†), taken together with their intervening atom(s) form an unsubstituted 3-12-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl mono- or bicyclic ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

Suitable substituents on the aliphatic group of R^(†) are independently halogen, —R^(•), —(haloR^(•)), —OH, —OR^(•), —O(haloR^(•)), —CN, —C(O)OH, —C(O)OR^(•), —NH₂, —NHR^(•), —NR^(•) ₂, or —NO₂, wherein each R^(•) is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently C₁₋₄ aliphatic, —CH₂Ph, —O(CH₂)₀₋₁Ph, or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, S. M. Berge et al., describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1977, 66, 1-19, incorporated herein by reference. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include those derived from suitable inorganic and organic acids and bases. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, p-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like.

Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium and N⁺(C₁₋₄alkyl)₄ salts. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like. Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, loweralkyl sulfonate and aryl sulfonate.

Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include all isomeric (e.g., enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational)) forms of the structure; for example, the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center, Z and E double bond isomers, and Z and E conformational isomers. Therefore, single stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational) mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the invention. Unless otherwise stated, all tautomeric forms of the compounds of the invention are within the scope of the invention. Additionally, unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present structures including the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a ¹³C- or ¹⁴C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention. Such compounds are useful, for example, as analytical tools, as probes in biological assays, or as therapeutic agents in accordance with the present invention. In certain embodiments, a provided compound may be substituted with one or more deuterium atoms.

As used herein, the term “provided compound” refers to any genus, subgenus, and/or species set forth herein.

As used herein, the term “binder” or “inhibitor” is defined as a compound that binds to CRBN and binds to or inhibits a targeted protein with measurable affinity. In certain embodiments, an inhibitor has an IC₅₀ and/or binding constant of less than about 50 µM, less than about 1 µM, less than about 500 nM, less than about 100 nM, less than about 10 nM, or less than about 1 nM.

A compound of the present invention may be tethered to a detectable moiety. It will be appreciated that such compounds are useful as imaging agents. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that a detectable moiety may be attached to a provided compound via a suitable substituent. As used herein, the term “suitable substituent” refers to a moiety that is capable of covalent attachment to a detectable moiety. Such moieties are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art and include groups containing, e.g., a carboxylate moiety, an amino moiety, a thiol moiety, or a hydroxyl moiety, to name but a few. It will be appreciated that such moieties may be directly attached to a provided compound or via a tethering group, such as a bivalent saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain. In some embodiments, such moieties may be attached via click chemistry. In some embodiments, such moieties may be attached via a 1,3-cycloaddition of an azide with an alkyne, optionally in the presence of a copper catalyst. Methods of using click chemistry are known in the art and include those described by Rostovtsev et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 2596-99 and Sun et al., Bioconjugate Chem., 2006, 17, 52-57.

As used herein, the term “detectable moiety” is used interchangeably with the term “label” and relates to any moiety capable of being detected, e.g., primary labels and secondary labels. Primary labels, such as radioisotopes (e.g., tritium, ³²P, ³³P, ³⁵S, or ¹⁴C), mass-tags, and fluorescent labels are signal generating reporter groups which can be detected without further modifications. Detectable moieties also include luminescent and phosphorescent groups.

The term “secondary label” as used herein refers to moieties such as biotin and various protein antigens that require the presence of a second intermediate for production of a detectable signal. For biotin, the secondary intermediate may include streptavidin-enzyme conjugates. For antigen labels, secondary intermediates may include antibody-enzyme conjugates. Some fluorescent groups act as secondary labels because they transfer energy to another group in the process of nonradiative fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET), and the second group produces the detected signal.

The terms “fluorescent label”, “fluorescent dye”, and “fluorophore” as used herein refer to moieties that absorb light energy at a defined excitation wavelength and emit light energy at a different wavelength. Examples of fluorescent labels include, but are not limited to: Alexa Fluor dyes (Alexa Fluor 350, Alexa Fluor 488, Alexa Fluor 532, Alexa Fluor 546, Alexa Fluor 568, Alexa Fluor 594, Alexa Fluor 633, Alexa Fluor 660 and Alexa Fluor 680), AMCA, AMCA-S, BODIPY dyes (BODIPY FL, BODIPY R6G, BODIPY TMR, BODIPY TR, BODIPY 530/550, BODIPY 558/568, BODIPY 564/570, BODIPY 576/589, BODIPY 581/591, BODIPY 630/650, BODIPY 650/665), Carboxyrhodamine 6G, carboxy-X-rhodamine (ROX), Cascade Blue, Cascade Yellow, Coumarin 343, Cyanine dyes (Cy3, Cy5, Cy3.5, Cy5.5), Dansyl, Dapoxyl, Dialkylaminocoumarin, 4',5′-Dichloro-2',7′-dimethoxy-fluorescein, DM-NERF, Eosin, Erythrosin, Fluorescein, FAM, Hydroxycoumarin, IRDyes (IRD40, IRD 700, IRD 800), JOE, Lissamine rhodamine B, Marina Blue, Methoxycoumarin, Naphthofluorescein, Oregon Green 488, Oregon Green 500, Oregon Green 514, Pacific Blue, PyMPO, Pyrene, Rhodamine B, Rhodamine 6G, Rhodamine Green, Rhodamine Red, Rhodol Green, 2',4',5',7′-Tetra-bromosulfone-fluorescein, Tetramethyl-rhodamine (TMR), Carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA), Texas Red, Texas Red-X.

The term “mass-tag” as used herein refers to any moiety that is capable of being uniquely detected by virtue of its mass using mass spectrometry (MS) detection techniques. Examples of mass-tags include electrophore release tags such as N-[3-[4′-[(p-Methoxytetrafluorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl]-3-methylglyceronyl]isonipecotic Acid, 4′-[2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoro-4-(pentafluorophenoxyl)]methyl acetophenone, and their derivatives. The synthesis and utility of these mass-tags is described in U.S. Pat. 4,650,750, 4,709,016, 5,360,8191, 5,516,931, 5,602,273, 5,604,104, 5,610,020, and 5,650,270. Other examples of mass-tags include, but are not limited to, nucleotides, dideoxynucleotides, oligonucleotides of varying length and base composition, oligopeptides, oligosaccharides, and other synthetic polymers of varying length and monomer composition. A large variety of organic molecules, both neutral and charged (biomolecules or synthetic compounds) of an appropriate mass range (100-2000 Daltons) may also be used as mass-tags.

The terms “measurable affinity” and “measurably modulate,” as used herein, means a measurable change in a CRBN activity between a sample comprising a compound of the present invention, or composition thereof, and CRBN, and an equivalent sample comprising CRBN, in the absence of said compound, or composition thereof.

3. Description of Exemplary Embodiments

As described above, in certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   Ring A is selected from

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   each of X¹ and X⁶ is independently a bivalent moiety selected from a     covalent bond, —O—, —CH₂—, —C(R¹)H—, —C(R¹)₂—, —C(O)—, —C(NR¹)—,     —C(S)—, or

-   

-   X² is a trivalent moiety selected from

-   

-   

-   

-   each of X³ and X⁴ is independently a bivalent moiety selected from a     covalent bond, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, or —N(R)—;

-   X⁵ is a bivalent moiety selected from a covalent bond, —O—, —CH₂—,     —C(R¹)H—, —C(R¹)₂—, —C(NR¹)—, —C(S)—, or

-   

-   each R is independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted group     selected from C₁₋₆ aliphatic, phenyl, a 4-7 membered saturated or     partially unsaturated heterocyclic having 1-2 heteroatoms     independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and a 5-6     membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently     selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; or     -   two R groups on the same nitrogen are optionally taken together         with their intervening atoms to form a 4-7 membered saturated,         partially unsaturated, or heteroaryl ring having 0-3         heteroatoms, in addition to the nitrogen, independently selected         from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;

-   each R¹ is independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, —CN, —OR,     —SR, —S(O)R, —S(O)₂R, —N(R)₂, or an optionally substituted C₁₋₄     aliphatic; or     -   two R¹ groups on the same carbon are optionally taken together         with their intervening atoms to form a 3-6 membered spiro fused         ring; or     -   two R¹ groups on adjacent carbon atoms are optionally taken         together with their intervening atoms to form a 3-6 membered         saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl fused ring having 0-2         heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or         sulfur;

-   each R² is independently hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OR, —SR,     —N(R)₂, —S(O)₂R, —S(O)₂N(R)₂, —S(O)R, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NR₂,     —C(O)N(R)OR, —OC(O)R, —OC(O)NR₂, —N(R)C(O)OR, —N(R)C(O)R,     —N(R)C(O)NR₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ aliphatic,     optionally substituted phenyl, an optionally substituted 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having     1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or     sulfur, or an optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring     having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen,     or sulfur;

-   L¹ is a covalent bond or a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated,     straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene     units of L are independently and optionally replaced by —O—, —NR³—,     —S—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NR³S(O)₂—,     —S(O)₂NR³—, —NR³C(O)—, —C(O)NR³—, —OC(O)NR³—, —NR³C(O)O—,

-   

-   

-   provided that L is not a covalent bond, —CH₂—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)OCH₂—,     —CH₂C(O)—, —C(O)CH₂—, —NR³C(O)—, —C(O)NR³—, or —CH₂CH₂— when Ring A     is

-   

-   and X¹ is —C(O)— or Ring A is

-   

-   and X² is

-   

-   

-   L² is a covalent bond or a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated,     straight or branched C₁₋₅₀ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 0-6 methylene     units of L are independently replaced by —Cy—, —O—, —NR—, —S—,     —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NRS(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR—,     —NRC(O)—, —C(O)NR—, —OC(O)NR—, —NRC(O)O—,

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   wherein:

-   each -Cy- is independently an optionally substituted bivalent ring     selected from phenylenyl, 8-10 membered bicyclic arylenyl, 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclylenyl, 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated spiro carbocyclylenyl,     8-10 membered bicyclic saturated or partially unsaturated     carbocyclylenyl, 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated     heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from     nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 4-7 membered saturated or partially     unsaturated spiro heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms     independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 8-10     membered bicyclic saturated or partially unsaturated     heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from     nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 5-6 membered heteroarylenyl having 1-4     heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur,     or 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroarylenyl having 1-5 heteroatoms     independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;

-   each R³ is independently hydrogen or C₁₋₄ aliphatic;

-   Ring B is a bivalent ring selected from 4-7 membered saturated or     partially unsaturated carbocyclylenyl, phenylenyl, 8-10 membered     bicyclic arylenyl, 5-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated     heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from     nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 8-10 membered partially saturated     bicyclic heteroarylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently     selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 5-6 membered     heteroarylenyl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from     nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or 8-10 membered bicyclic     heteroarylenyl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from     nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein Ring B is optionally further     substituted with 1-2 oxo groups;

-   TBM is a target binding moiety;

-   m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;

-   n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and     -   each of p is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.

As described above, in another aspect, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I′:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   Ring A is selected from

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   each of X¹, X⁵, and X⁶ is independently a bivalent moiety selected     from a covalent bond, —O—, —S—, —C(R¹)CF₃—, —C(R¹)₂—, —C(O)—,     —N(R¹)—, —C(NR¹)—, —C(S)—, —Si(R¹)₂—, —P(O)(R¹)—, —P(O)(OR¹)—,     —P(O)N(R¹)₂—, or

-   

-   X² is a trivalent moiety selected from

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   each of X³ and X⁴ is independently a bivalent moiety selected from a     covalent bond, —O—, —S—, —C(R¹)F—, —CF₂—, —C(R¹)₂—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—,     —Si(R¹)₂—, —P(O)(R¹)—, or —N(R)—;

-   each R is independently hydrogen, deuterium, or an optionally     substituted group selected from C₁₋ ₆ aliphatic, phenyl, a 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having     1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur, a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4     heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur, a 7-13 membered saturated, partially     unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring     having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen,     oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, and a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl     ring having 1-4 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron,     nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur; or     -   two R groups on the same nitrogen are optionally taken together         with their intervening atoms to form a 4-8 membered saturated,         partially unsaturated, or heteroaryl monocyclic ring having 0-1         heteroatoms, in addition to the nitrogen, independently selected         from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or a 7-13         membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic         ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 0-2 heteroatoms, in         addition to the nitrogen, independently selected from boron,         nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur;

-   each R¹ is independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, —CN, —OR,     —SR, —S(O)R, —S(O)₂R, —N(R)₂, —P(O)(OR)₂, —P(O)(NR₂)OR, —P(O)(NR₂)₂,     —Si(OH)R₂, —Si(OH)₂R, —SiR₃, or an optionally substituted C₁₋₄     aliphatic; or     -   R¹ and X¹ or X⁴ are taken together with their intervening atoms         to form a 5-7 membered saturated, partially unsaturated,         carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms,         independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or         sulfur;     -   two R¹ groups on the same carbon are optionally taken together         with their intervening atoms to form a 3-6 membered spiro fused         ring or a 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms         independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or         sulfur;     -   two R¹ groups on adjacent carbon atoms are optionally taken         together with their intervening atoms to form a 3-7 membered         saturated, partially unsaturated, carbocyclic ring or         heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected         from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or a 7-13         membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic         ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms,         independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or         sulfur;

-   each R² is independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, —CN, —NO₂,     —OR, —SR, —NR₂, —Si(OH)₂R, —Si(OH)(R)₂, —Si(R)₃, —S(O)₂R, —S(O)₂NR₂,     —S(O)R, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NR₂, —C(O)N(R)OR, —OC(O)R, —OC(O)NR₂,     —N(R)C(O)OR, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)C(O)NR₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —N(R)S(O)₂NR₂,     —P(O)(OR)₂, —P(O)(NR₂)OR, —P(O)(NR₂)₂, optionally substituted C₁₋₆     aliphatic, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having     1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur, optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl     ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from boron,     nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, optionally substituted 7-13     membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic     ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms,     independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or     sulfur; or a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4     heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur;

-   L¹ is a covalent bond or a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated,     straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene     units of L¹ are independently and optionally replaced by —O—, —NR³—,     —S—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —Si(R¹)₂—, —P(O)(R¹)—, —P(O)(OR)₋,     —P(O)(NR₂)—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NR³S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR³—, —NR³C(O)—,     —C(O)NR³—, —OC(O)NR³—, —NR³C(O)O—,

-   

-   

-   provided that L¹ is other than a covalent bond or a bivalent,     saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon     chain, wherein 1-2 methylene units of L¹ are independently and     optionally replaced by —O—, —NR³—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—,     —NR³S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR³—, —N(R)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R)—, or —NR³C(O)O— when     Ring A is

-   

-   and X¹ is —C(O)—, Ring A is

-   

-   and X² is

-   

-   

-   Ring A is

-   

-   and X² is

-   

-   Ring A is

-   

-   Ring A is

-   

-   and X¹ is —C(O)— or —CH₂—, or Ring A is

-   

-   and X² is

-   

-   or

-   

-   each R³ is independently hydrogen, deuterium, or optionally     substituted C₁₋₄ aliphatic;

-   L² is a covalent bond or a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated,     straight or branched C₁₋₅₀ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 0-6 methylene     units of L² are independently replaced by —Cy—, —O—, —NR—, —S—,     —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NRS(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR—,     —NRC(O)—, —C(O)NR—, —OC(O)NR—, —NRC(O)O—,

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   wherein:

-   each —Cy— is independently an optionally substituted bivalent ring     selected from phenylenyl, 8-10 membered bicyclic arylenyl, 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclylenyl, 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated spiro carbocyclylenyl,     8-10 membered bicyclic saturated or partially unsaturated     carbocyclylenyl, 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated     heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from     nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 4-7 membered saturated or partially     unsaturated spiro heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms     independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 8-10     membered bicyclic saturated or partially unsaturated     heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from     nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 5-6 membered heteroarylenyl having 1-4     heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur,     or 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroarylenyl having 1-5 heteroatoms     independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;

-   Ring B is selected from a 4 to 7-membered saturated or partially     unsaturated carbocyclic ring, phenyl, an 8-10 membered bicyclic     carbocyclic aromatic ring, a 5 to 7-membered saturated or partially     unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently     selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, a     5-6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently     selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or an     8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms     independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or     sulfur, wherein Ring B is optionally further substituted with 1-2     oxo groups;

-   TBM is a target binding moiety;

-   m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;

-   n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and

-   each of p is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.

As defined generally above, Ring A is selected from

In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from

In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from

In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from

In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from

In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from

In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from

In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from

In someembodiments, Ring A is selected from

In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from

In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from

In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from

In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from

In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from

In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below.

As defined generally above, each of X¹ and X⁶ is independently a bivalent moiety selected from a covalent bond, —O—, —S—, —CH₂—, —C(R¹)H—, —C(R¹)CF₃—, —C(R¹)₂—, —C(O)—, —C(NR¹)—, —C(S)—, —N(R¹)—, —Si(R¹)₂—, —P(O)(OR¹) —, —P(O)(R¹) —, —P(O)N(R¹)₂—, or

In some embodiments, X¹ is a covalent bond. In some embodiments, X¹ is —O—. In some embodiments, X¹ is —S—. In some embodiments, X¹ is —CH₂—. In some embodiments, X¹ is —C(R¹)H—. In some embodiments, X¹ is —C(R¹)CF₃—. In some embodiments, X¹ is—C(O)—. In some embodiments, X¹ is —C(NR¹)—. In some embodiments, X¹ is —C(S)—. In some embodiments, X¹ is —N(R¹)—. In some embodiments, X¹ is —Si(R¹)₂—. In some embodiments, X¹ is —P(O)(R¹)—. In some embodiments, X¹ is —P(O)(R¹)—. In some embodiments, X¹ is —P(O)N(R¹)₂—. In some embodiments, X¹ is

In some embodiments, X⁶ is a covalent bond. In some embodiments, X⁶ is —O—. In some embodiments, X⁶ is —S—. In some embodiments, X⁶ is —CH₂—. In some embodiments, X⁶ is —C(R¹)H—. In some embodiments, X⁶ is —C(R¹)CF₃—. In some embodiments, X⁶ is—C(O)—. In some embodiments, X⁶ is —C(NR¹)—. In some embodiments, X⁶ is —C(S)—. In some embodiments, X⁶ is —N(R¹)—. In some embodiments, X⁶ is —Si(R¹)₂—. In some embodiments, X⁶ is —P(O)(R¹)—. In some embodiments, X⁶ is —P(O)(R¹)—. In some embodiments, X⁶ is —P(O)N(R¹)₂—. In some embodiments, X⁶ is

In some embodiments, X¹ and X⁶ are each independently selected from —O—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —Si(R¹)₂—, —P(O)(R¹)—, or

In some embodiments, X¹ and X⁶ are each independently selected from those depicted in Table 1, below.

As defined generally above, X² is a trivalent moiety selected from

In some embodiments, X² is

In some embodiments, X² is

In some embodiments, X² is

In some embodiments, X² is

In some embodiments, X² is

In some embodiments, X² is

In some embodiments, X² is

In some embodiments, X² is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below.

As defined generally above, each of X³ and X⁴ is independently a bivalent moiety selected from a covalent bond, —O—, —C(R)₂—, —CF₂—, —C(R¹)F—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —Si(R¹)₂—, P(O)(R¹)—, or —N(R)—.

In some embodiments, X³ is a covalent bond. In some embodiments, X³ is —O—. In some embodiments, X³ is —C(R)₂—. In some embodiments, X³ is —CF₂—. In some embodiments, X³ is —C(R¹)F—. In some embodiments, X³ is —CHF—. In some embodiments, X³ is —S—. In some embodiments, X³ is —S(O)—. In some embodiments, X³ is —S(O)₂—. In some embodiments, X³ is —Si(R¹)₂—. In some embodiments, X³ is —P(O)(R¹)—. In some embodiments, X³ is —N(R)—.

In some embodiments, X³ is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below.

In some embodiments, X⁴ is a covalent bond. In some embodiments, X⁴ is —O—. In some embodiments, X⁴ is —C(R)₂—. In some embodiments, X⁴ is —CF₂—. In some embodiments, X⁴ is —CHF—. In some embodiments, X⁴ is —S—. In some embodiments, X⁴ is —S(O)—. In some embodiments, X⁴ is —S(O)₂—. In some embodiments, X⁴ is —Si(R¹)₂—. In some embodiments, X⁴ is —P(O)(R¹)—. In some embodiments, X⁴ is —N(R)—.

In some embodiments, X⁴ is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below.

As defined generally above, X⁵ is a bivalent moiety selected from a covalent bond, —O—, —S—, —CH₂—, —C(R¹)H—, —C(R¹)CF₃—, —C(R¹)₂—, —C(O)—, —C(NR¹)—, —C(S)—, —N(R¹)—, Si(R¹)₂, —P(O)(OR¹) —, —P(O)(R¹) —, —P(O)N(R¹)₂—, or

In some embodiments, X⁵ is a covalent bond. In some embodiments, X⁵ is —O—. In some embodiments, X⁵ is —S—. In some embodiments, X⁵ is —CH₂—. In some embodiments, X⁵ is —C(R¹)H—. In some embodiments, X⁵ is —C(R¹)CF₃—. In some embodiments, X⁵ is —CHCF₃—. In some embodiments, X⁵ is—C(O)—. In some embodiments, X⁵ is —C(NR¹)—. In some embodiments, X⁵ is —C(S)—. In some embodiments, X⁵ is —N(R¹)—. In some embodiments, X⁵ is —Si(R¹)₂—. In some embodiments, X⁵ is —P(O)(R¹)—. In some embodiments, X⁵ is —P(O)(R¹)—. In some embodiments, X⁵ is —P(O)N(R¹)₂—. In some embodiments, X⁵ is

In some embodiments, X⁵ is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below.

As defined generally above, each R is independently hydrogen, deuterium, or an optionally substituted group selected from C₁₋₆ aliphatic, phenyl, a 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, a 7-13 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, and a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or two R groups on the same nitrogen are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 4-8 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or heteroaryl monocyclic ring having 0-1 heteroatom, in addition to the nitrogen, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or a 7-13 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 0-2 heteroatoms, in addition to the nitrogen, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur.

In some embodiments, R is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R is deuterium. In some embodiments, R is an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ aliphatic. In some embodiments, R is an optionally substituted phenyl. In some embodiments, R is an optionally substituted 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur. In some embodiments, R is an optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur. In some embodiments, R is an optionally substituted 7-13 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur. In some embodiments, R is an optionally substituted 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur. In some embodiments, two R groups on the same nitrogen are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form an optionally substituted 4-8 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or heteroaryl monocyclic ring having 0-1 heteroatom, in addition to the nitrogen, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur. In some embodiments, two R groups on the same nitrogen are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form an optionally substituted 7-13 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 0-2 heteroatoms, in addition to the nitrogen, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur.

In some embodiments, R is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below.

As defined generally above, each R¹ is independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, —CN, —OR, —SR, —S(O)R, —S(O)₂R, —N(R)₂, —P(O)(R)₂, —P(O)(OR)₂, —P(O)(NR₂)OR, —P(O)(NR₂)₂, —Si(OH)R₂, —Si(OH)₂R, —SiR₃, or an optionally substituted C₁₋₄ aliphatic, or R¹ and X¹ or X⁴ are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 5-7 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or two R¹ groups on the same carbon are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 3-6 membered spiro fused ring or a 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or two R¹ groups on adjacent carbon atoms are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 3-7 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or a 7-13 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur.

In some embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R¹ is deuterium. In some embodiments, R¹ is halogen. In some embodiments, R¹ is —CN. In some embodiments, R¹ is —OR. In some embodiments, R¹ is —SR. In some embodiments, R¹ is —S(O)R. In some embodiments, R¹ is —S(O)₂R. In some embodiments, R¹ is —N(R)₂. In some embodiments, R¹ is —Si(R)₃. In some embodiments, R¹ is —P(O)(R)₂. In some embodiments, R¹ is —P(O)(OR)₂. In some embodiments, R¹ is —P(O)(NR₂)OR. In some embodiments, R¹ is —P(O)(NR₂)₂. In some embodiments, R¹ is —Si(OH)R₂. In some embodiments, R¹ is —Si(OH)₂R. In some embodiments, R¹ is an optionally substituted C₁₋₄ aliphatic. In some embodiments, R¹ and X¹ or X⁴ are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 5-7 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur. In some embodiments, two R¹ groups on the same carbon are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 3-6 membered spiro fused ring or a 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur. In some embodiments, two R¹ groups on adjacent carbon atoms are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 3-7 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur. In some embodiments, two R¹ groups on adjacent carbon atoms are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 7-13 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur.

In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —OR, —N(R)₂, or C₁₋₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen, —CN, or C₁₋₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is fluoro. In some embodiments, two R¹ groups on the same carbon are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 3- or 4- membered spiro fused ring.

In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below.

As defined generally above, each R² is independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OR, —SR, —N(R)₂, —Si(OH)₂R, —Si(OH)(R)₂, —Si(R)₃, —S(O)₂R, —S(O)₂NR₂, —S(O)R, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NR₂, —C(O)N(R)OR, —OC(O)R, —OC(O)NR₂, —N(R)C(O)OR, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)C(O)NR₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —N(R)S(O)₂NR₂, —P(O)(R)₂, —P(O)(OR)₂, —P(O)(NR₂)OR, —P(O)(NR₂)₂, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ aliphatic, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, optionally substituted 7-13 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur; or a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur.

In some embodiments, R² is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R² is deuterium. In some embodiments, R² is halogen. In some embodiments, R² is —CN. In some embodiments, R² is —NO₂. In some embodiments, R² is —OR. In some embodiments, R² is —SR. In some embodiments, R² is —N(R)₂. In some embodiments, R² is —Si(OH)₂R. In some embodiments, R² is —Si(OH)(R)₂. In some embodiments, R² is —S(O)₂R. In some embodiments, R² is —S(O)₂N(R)₂. In some embodiments, R² is —S(O)R. In some embodiments, R² is —C(O)R. In some embodiments, R² is —C(O)OR. In some embodiments, R² is —C(O)NR₂. In some embodiments, R² is —C(O)N(R)OR. In some embodiments, R² is —OC(O)R. In some embodiments, R² is —OC(O)NR₂. In some embodiments, R² is —N(R)C(O)OR. In some embodiments, R² is —N(R)C(O)R. In some embodiments, R² is —N(R)C(O)NR₂. In some embodiments, R² is —N(R)S(O)₂R. In some embodiments, R² is —Si(R)₃. In some embodiments, R² is —P(O)(R)₂. —P(O)(OR)₂. In some embodiments, R² is —P(O)(NR₂)OR. In some embodiments, R² is —P(O)(NR₂)₂. In some embodiments, R² is an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ aliphatic. In some embodiments, R² is an optionally substituted phenyl. In some embodiments, R² is an optionally substituted 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur. In some embodiments, R² is an optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur. In some embodiments, R² is an optionally substituted 7-13 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur. In some embodiments, R² is an 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur.

In some embodiments, R² is hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OR, —SR, —N(R)₂, —C(O)R, —N(R)C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NR₂, —C(O)N(R)OR, —OC(O)R, —OC(O)NR₂, —N(R)C(O)OR, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)C(O)NR₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ aliphatic, optionally substituted phenyl, an optionally substituted 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or an optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; wherein R is hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 deuterium or halogen atoms, or phenyl.

In some embodiments, R² is hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —OR, —N(R)₂, —C(O)R, —N(R)C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NR₂, —OC(O)R, —OC(O)NR₂, —N(R)C(O)OR, C₁₋₆ aliphatic optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 deuterium or halogen atoms, phenyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 halogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, —OR, —N(R)₂, or —CN groups, 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with a carbonyl or C₁₋₄ alkyl group and having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 halogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, —OR, —N(R)₂, or —CN groups and having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; wherein R is hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 deuterium or halogen atoms, or phenyl.

In some embodiments, R² is C₁₋₄ aliphatic optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 deuterium or halogen atoms.

In some embodiments, R² is methyl. In some embodiments, R² is ethyl. In some embodiments, R² is isopropyl. In some embodiments, R² is phenyl. In some embodiments, R² is fluoro. In some embodiments, R² is chloro. In some embodiments, R² is —CF₃. In some embodiments, R² is —NH₂. In some embodiments, R² is —NHC(O)CH₃. In some embodiments, R² is —OCH₃. In some embodiments, R² is —C(O)OH. In some embodiments, R² is —C(O)Et. In some embodiments, R² is —C(O)t—Bu. In some embodiments, R² is —C(O)NH₂.

In some embodiments, R² is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below.

As defined generally above, L¹ is a covalent bond or a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene units of L¹ are independently and optionally replaced by —O—, —NR³—, —S—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —Si(R)₂—, —P(O)(R¹)—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NR³S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR³—, —NR³C(O)—, —C(O)NR³—, —OC(O)NR³—, —NR³C(O)O—,

provided that L¹ is not a covalent bond, —CH₂—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)OCH₂—, —CH₂C(O)—, —C(O)CH₂—, —NR³C(O)—, —C(O)NR³—, or —CH₂CH₂— when Ring A is

and X¹ is —C(O)— or Ring A is

and X² is

In some embodiments, L¹ is a covalent bond. In some embodiments, L¹ is a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain. In some embodiments, L¹ is a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene units of L¹ are independently and optionally replaced by —O—, —NR³—, —S—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —Si(R)₂—, —P(O)(R¹)—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NR³S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR³—, —NR³C(O)—, —C(O)NR³—, —OC(O)NR³—, —NR³C(O)O—,

In some embodiments, L¹ is not a covalent bond, —CH₂—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)OCH₂—, —CH₂C(O)—, —C(O)CH₂—, —NR³C(O)—, —C(O)NR³—, or —CH₂CH₂— when Ring A is

and X¹ is —C(O)— or Ring A is

and X² is

In some embodiments, L¹ is a covalent bond or a bivalent, saturated, straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene units of L¹ are independently and optionally replaced by —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—,

In some embodiments, L¹ is a bivalent, saturated, straight C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain. In some embodiments, L¹ is a bivalent, saturated, straight C₁₋₃ hydrocarbon chain. In some embodiments, L¹ is a bivalent, saturated, straight C₂₋₃ hydrocarbon chain. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂—, —O—, —N(R)—, —S—, —OCH₂—, —SCH₂—, —CH₂O—, —CH₂O—, —OCH₂O—, —SCH₂O—, —OCH₂S—, —SCH₂S—, —SCH₂OC(O)—, —N(R)CH₂O—, —OCH₂N(R)—, —OCH₂CH₂O—, —SCH₂CH₂O—, —OCH₂CH₂S—, or —SCH₂CH₂S—.

In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —N(CH₃)C(O)— or —(O)CN(CH₃)—.

In some embodiments, L¹ is other than a covalent bond or a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene units of L¹ are independently and optionally replaced by —O—, —NR³—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —NR³S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR3—, —N(R)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R)—, or —NR³C(O)O— when Ring A is

and X¹ is —C(O)—, Ring A is

and X² is

Ring A is

and X² is

Ring A is

Ring A is

and X¹ is —C(O)— or —CH₂—, or Ring A is

and X² is

In some embodiments, L¹ is other than a covalent bond when Ring A is

and X¹ is —C(O)—. In some embodiments, L¹ is other than a covalent bond when Ring A is

and X² is

In some embodiments, L¹ is other than a covalent bond when Ring A is

and X² is

In some embodiments, L¹ is other than a covalent bond when Ring A is

In some embodiments, L¹ is other than a covalent bond when Ring A is

and X¹ is —C(O)— or —CH₂—. In some embodiments, L¹ is other than a covalent bond when Ring A is

and X² is

In some embodiments, L¹ is other than a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene units of L¹ are independently and optionally replaced by —O—, —NR³—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —NR³S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR³—, —N(R)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R)—, or —NR³C(O)O— when Ring A is

and X¹ is —C(O)—. In some embodiments, L¹ is other than a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene units of L¹ are independently and optionally replaced by —O—, —NR³—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —NR³S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR³—, —N(R)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R)—, or —NR³C(O)O— when Ring A is

and X² is

In some embodiments, L¹ is other than a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene units of L¹ are independently and optionally replaced by —O—, —NR³—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —NR³S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR³—, —N(R)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R)—, or —NR³C(O)O— when Ring A is

and X² is

In some embodiments, L¹ is other than a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene units of L¹ are independently and optionally replaced by —O—, —NR³—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —NR³S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR³—, —N(R)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R)—, or —NR³C(O)O— when Ring A is

In some embodiments, L¹ is other than a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene units of L¹ are independently and optionally replaced by —O—, —NR³—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —NR³S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR³—, —N(R)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R)—, or —NR³C(O)O— when Ring A is

and X¹ is —C(O)— or —CH₂—. In some embodiments, L¹ is other than a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene units of L¹ are independently and optionally replaced by —O—, —NR³—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —NR³S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR³—, —N(R)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R)—, or —NR³C(O)O— when Ring A is

and X² is

In some embodiments, L¹ is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below.

As defined generally above, L² is a covalent bond or a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C₁₋₅₀ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 0-6 methylene units of L² are independently replaced by —Cy—, —O—, —NR—, —S—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NRS(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR—, —NRC(O)—, —C(O)NR—, —OC(O)NR—, —NRC(O)O—,

wherein: each —Cy— is independently an optionally substituted bivalent ring selected from phenylenyl, an 8-10 membered bicyclic arylenyl, a 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclylenyl, a4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spiro carbocyclylenyl, an 8-10 membered bicyclic saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclylenyl, a 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spiro heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, an 8-10 membered bicyclic saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 5-6 membered heteroarylenyl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or an 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroarylenyl having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

In some embodiments, L² is a covalent bond or a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C₁₋₅₀ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 0-6 methylene units of L² are independently replaced by —Cy—, —O—, —NR—, —S—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NRS(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR—, —NRC(O)—, —C(O)NR—, —OC(O)NR—, —NRC(O)O—,

wherein: each —Cy— is independently an optionally substituted bivalent ring selected from phenylenyl, an 8-10 membered bicyclic arylenyl, a 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclylenyl, a 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spiro carbocyclylenyl, an 8-10 membered bicyclic saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclylenyl, a 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spiro heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, an 8-10 membered bicyclic saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 5-6 membered heteroarylenyl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or an 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroarylenyl having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

In some embodiments, L² is a covalent bond or a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C₁₋₅₀ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 0-6 methylene units of L² are independently replaced by —Cy—, —O—, —NR—, —S—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NRS(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR—, —NRC(O)—, —C(O)NR—, —OC(O)NR—, —NRC(O)O—,

wherein: each —Cy— is independently an optionally substituted bivalent ring selected from phenylenyl, an 8-10 membered bicyclic arylenyl, a 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclylenyl, a 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spiro carbocyclylenyl, an 8-10 membered bicyclic saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclylenyl, a 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, a 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spiro heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, an 8-10 membered bicyclic saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, a 5-6 membered heteroarylenyl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, or an 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroarylenyl having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur.

In some embodiments, each —Cy— is independently an optionally substituted bivalent phenylenyl. In some embodiments, each —Cy— is independently an optionally substituted 8-10 membered bicyclic arylenyl. In some embodiments, each —Cy— is independently an optionally substituted 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclylenyl. In some embodiments, each —Cy— is independently an optionally substituted 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spiro carbocyclylenyl. In some embodiments, each —Cy— is independently an optionally substituted 8-10 membered bicyclic saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclylenyl. In some embodiments, each —Cy— is independently an optionally substituted 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur. In some embodiments, each —Cy— is independently an optionally substituted 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spiro heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur. In some embodiments, each —Cy— is independently an optionally substituted 8-10 membered bicyclic saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, each —Cy— is independently an optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroarylenyl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur. In some embodiments, each —Cy— is independently an optionally substituted 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroarylenyl having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur.

In some embodiments, —Cy— is

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In some embodiments, L² is

In some embodiments, L² is

In some embodiments, L² is

In some embodiments, L² is

In some embodiments, L² is

In some embodiments, L² is

In some embodiments, ²L is

In some embodiments, L² is

In some embodiments, L² is

In some embodiments, L² is

In some embodiments, L² is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below.

As defined generally above, each R³ is independently hydrogen, deuterium, or an optionally substituted C₁₋₄ aliphatic.

In some embodiments, R³ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R³ is deuterium. In some embodiments, R³ is an optionally substituted C₁₋₄ aliphatic.

In some embodiments, R³ is methyl.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below.

As defined generally above, Ring B is a 3 to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, phenyl, 8-10 membered bicyclic carbocyclic aromatic ring, 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 7-13 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur; wherein Ring B is optionally further substituted with 1-2 oxo groups.

In some embodiments, Ring B is a 3 to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, Ring B is phenyl. In some embodiments, Ring B is an 8-10 membered bicyclic carbocyclic aromatic ring. In some embodiments, Ring B is a 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur. In some embodiments, Ring B is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. In some embodiments, Ring B is a 7-13 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur. In some embodiments, Ring B is an 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur. In some embodiments, Ring B is optionally further substituted with 1-2 oxo groups.

In some embodiments, Ring B is selected from

phenylenyl, pyridylenyl, pyrimidylenyl,

triazolylenyl,

In some embodiments,

is selected from

In some embodiments,

is selected from

In some embodiments, Ring B is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below.

As defined generally above, TBM is a target binding moiety.

In some embodiments, TBM is a target binding moiety.

In some embodiments. TBM binds to a protein selected from those listed in paragraph [00199].

In some embodiments, TBM is selected from one of the drugs listed in Table 2, wherein the drug is attached to

at any modifiable carbon, oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atom.

In some embodiments, TBM is

In some embodiments, TBM is

In some embodiments, TBM is

In someembodiments, TBM is

In some embodiments, TBM is

In some embodiments, TBM is

In some embodiments, TBM is

In some embodiments, TBM is

In some embodiments, TBM is

In some embodiments, TBM is

In some embodiments, TBM is

In some embodiments, TBM is

In some embodiments, TBM is

In some embodiments, TBM is

In some embodiments, TBM is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below.

As defined generally above, m is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.

In some embodiments, m is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.

In some embodiments, m is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below.

As defined generally above, n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.

In some embodiments, n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.

In some embodiments, n is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below.

As defined generally above, each of p is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.

In some embodiments. p is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.

In some embodiments, p is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I, wherein Ring A is

and L¹ is —O— or —S—, thereby forming a compound of Formula II-a or II-b:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of Ring B, R², n, L², and TBM is as defined above and described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I, wherein Ring A is

and L¹ is —S(O)— or —S(O)₂—, thereby forming a compound of Formula II-b′ or II-b″:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of Ring B, R², n, L², and TBM is as defined above and described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of Formula II-b‴:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein

-   each R¹ is independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, —CN, —OR,     —SR, —S(O)R, —S(O)₂R, —N(R)₂, —Si(R)₃, —P(O)(R)₂, or an optionally     substituted C₁₋₄ aliphatic; or     -   two R¹ groups on the same carbon are optionally taken together         with their intervening atoms to form a 3-6 membered spiro fused         ring or a 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms         independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or         sulfur;     -   two R¹ groups on adjacent carbon atoms are optionally taken         together with their intervening atoms to form a 3-7 membered         saturated, partially unsaturated, carbocyclic ring or         heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected         from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or a 7-13         membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic         ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms,         independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or         sulfur;

-   each R is independently hydrogen, deuterium, or an optionally     substituted group selected from C₁₋ ₆ aliphatic, phenyl, a 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having     1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur, a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4     heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur, a 7-13 membered saturated, partially     unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring     having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen,     oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, and a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl     ring having 1-4 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron,     nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur; or     -   two R groups on the same nitrogen are optionally taken together         with their intervening atoms to form a 4-8 membered saturated,         partially unsaturated, or heteroaryl monocyclic ring having 0-1         heteroatom, in addition to the nitrogen, independently selected         from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or a 7-13         membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic         ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 0-2 heteroatoms, in         addition to the nitrogen, independently selected from boron,         nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur;

-   each R² is independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, —CN, —NO₂,     —OR, —SR, —NR₂, —Si(OH)₂R, —Si(OH)(R)₂, —Si(R)₃, —S(O)₂R, —S(O)₂NR₂,     —S(O)R, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NR₂, —C(O)N(R)OR, —OC(O)R, —OC(O)NR₂,     —N(R)C(O)OR, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)C(O)NR₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —N(R)S(O)₂NR₂,     —P(O)(OR)₂, —P(O)(NR₂)OR, —P(O)(NR₂)₂, optionally substituted C₁₋₆     aliphatic, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having     1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur, optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl     ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from boron,     nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, optionally substituted 7-13     membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic     ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms,     independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or     sulfur; or a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4     heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur;

-   L² is a covalent bond or a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated,     straight or branched C₁₋₅₀ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 0-6 methylene     units of L² are independently replaced by —Cy—, —O—, —NR—, —S—,     —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —Si(R¹)₂—, —P(O)(R¹)—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—,     —NRS(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR—, —NRC(O)—, —C(O)NR—, —OC(O)NR—, —NRC(O)O—,

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   wherein:

-   each —Cy— is independently an optionally substituted bivalent ring     selected from phenylenyl, 8-10 membered bicyclic arylenyl, 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclylenyl, 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated spiro carbocyclylenyl,     8-10 membered bicyclic saturated or partially unsaturated     carbocyclylenyl, 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated     heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from     boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, 4-7 membered saturated     or partially unsaturated spiro heterocyclylenyl having 1-2     heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur, 8-10 membered bicyclic saturated or partially     unsaturated heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently     selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, 5-6     membered heteroarylenyl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently     selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or 8-10     membered bicyclic heteroarylenyl having 1-5 heteroatoms     independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or     sulfur;

-   Ring B is selected from a 3 to 7-membered saturated or partially     unsaturated carbocyclic ring, phenyl, 8-10 membered bicyclic     carbocyclic aromatic ring, 4-7 membered saturated or partially     unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently     selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, 5-6     membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently     selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, 7-13     membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic     ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms,     independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or     sulfur, or a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4     heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur; wherein Ring B is optionally further substituted     with 1-2 oxo groups;

-   TBM is a target binding moiety;

-   m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and

-   n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of formula I, wherein Ring A is

and L¹ is a covalent bond, thereby forming a compound of Formula III-a:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of Ring B, R², n, L², and TBM is as defined above and described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I, wherein Ring A is

and L¹ is a covalent bond or —CH₂—, hereby forming a compound of Formula IV-a, IV-b, IV-c, or IV-d:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of Ring B, R², n, L², and TBM is as defined above and described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I, wherein Ring A is

and L¹ is a covalent bond, hereby forming a compound of Formula V-a, V-b, V-c, V-d, or V-e:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   each R² is independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, —CN, —NO₂,     —OR, —SR, —N(R)₂, —S(O)₂R, —S(O)₂N(R)₂, —S(O)R, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR,     —C(O)NR₂, —C(O)N(R)OR, —OC(O)R, —OC(O)NR₂, —N(R)C(O)OR, —N(R)C(O)R,     —N(R)C(O)NR₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —Si(R¹)₃, —P(O)(R¹)₂, optionally     substituted C₁₋₆ aliphatic, optionally substituted phenyl, an     optionally substituted 4-7 membered saturated or partially     unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently     selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or an     optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4     heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur;

-   each R is independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted group     selected from C₁₋₆ aliphatic, phenyl, a 4-7 membered saturated or     partially unsaturated heterocyclic having 1-3 heteroatoms     independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or     sulfur, and a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms     independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or     sulfur; or     -   two R groups on the same nitrogen are optionally taken together         with their intervening atoms to form a 4-7 membered saturated,         partially unsaturated, or heteroaryl ring having 0-3         heteroatoms, in addition to the nitrogen, independently selected         from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur;

-   each R¹ is independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, —CN, —OR,     —SR, —S(O)R, —S(O)₂R, —N(R)₂, —Si(R)₃, —P(O)(R)₂, or an optionally     substituted C₁₋₄ aliphatic; or     -   two R¹ groups on the same carbon are optionally taken together         with their intervening atoms to form a 3-6 membered spiro fused         ring; or     -   two R¹ groups on adjacent carbon atoms are optionally taken         together with their intervening atoms to form a 3-6 membered         saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl fused ring having 0-2         heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,         silicon, or sulfur;

-   L² is a covalent bond or a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated,     straight or branched C₁₋₅₀ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 0-6 methylene     units of L² are independently replaced by —Cy—, —O—, —NR—, —S—,     —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —Si(R¹)₂—, —P(O)(R¹)—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—,     —NRS(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR—, —NRC(O)—, —C(O)NR—, —OC(O)NR—, —NRC(O)O—,

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   wherein:

-   each —Cy— is independently an optionally substituted bivalent ring     selected from phenylenyl, 8-10 membered bicyclic arylenyl, 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclylenyl, 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated spiro carbocyclylenyl,     8-10 membered bicyclic saturated or partially unsaturated     carbocyclylenyl, 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated     heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from     nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 4-7 membered saturated or partially     unsaturated spiro heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms     independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 8-10     membered bicyclic saturated or partially unsaturated     heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from     nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 5-6 membered heteroarylenyl having 1-4     heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur,     or 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroarylenyl having 1-5 heteroatoms     independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;

-   Ring B is selected from a 4 to 7-membered saturated or partially     unsaturated carbocyclic ring, phenyl, an 8-10 membered bicyclic     carbocyclic aromatic ring, a 5 to 7-membered saturated or partially     unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently     selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, a     5-6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently     selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or an     8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms     independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or     sulfur, wherein Ring B is optionally further substituted with 1-2     oxo groups;

-   TBM is a target binding moiety; and

-   n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of Formula III-a′, V-a′, V-b′, V-c′, or V-f:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   each of X¹, X⁵, and X⁶ is independently a bivalent moiety selected     from a covalent bond, —O—, —S—, —C(R¹)CF₃—, —C(R¹)₂—, —C(O)—,     —N(R¹)—, —C(NR¹)—, —C(S)—, —Si(R¹)₂—, —P(O)(R¹)—, —P(O)(OR¹)—,     —P(O)N(R¹)₂—, or

-   

-   X³ is a bivalent moiety selected from a covalent bond, —O—, —S—,     —C(R¹)F—, —CF₂—, —C(R¹)₂—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —Si(R¹)₂—, —P(O)(R¹)—,     or —N(R)—;

-   each R is independently hydrogen, deuterium, or an optionally     substituted group selected from C₁₋ ₆ aliphatic, phenyl, a 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having     1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur, a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4     heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur, a 7-13 membered saturated, partially     unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring     having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen,     oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, and a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl     ring having 1-4 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron,     nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur; or     -   two R groups on the same nitrogen are optionally taken together         with their intervening atoms to form a 4-8 membered saturated,         partially unsaturated, or heteroaryl monocyclic ring having 0-1         heteroatom, in addition to the nitrogen, independently selected         from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or a 7-13         membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic         ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 0-2 heteroatoms, in         addition to the nitrogen, independently selected from boron,         nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur;

-   each R¹ is independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, —CN, —OR,     —SR, —S(O)R, —S(O)₂R, —N(R)₂, —P(O)(OR)₂, —P(O)(NR₂)OR, —P(O)(NR₂)₂,     —Si(OH)R₂, —Si(OH)₂R, —SiR₃, or an optionally substituted C₁₋₄     aliphatic; or     -   R¹ and X¹ are taken together with their intervening atoms to         form a 5-7 membered saturated, partially unsaturated,         carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms,         independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or         sulfur;     -   two R¹ groups on the same carbon are optionally taken together         with their intervening atoms to form a 3-6 membered spiro fused         ring or a 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms         independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or         sulfur;     -   two R¹ groups on adjacent carbon atoms are optionally taken         together with their intervening atoms to form a 3-7 membered         saturated, partially unsaturated, carbocyclic ring or         heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected         from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or a 7-13         membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic         ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms,         independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or         sulfur;

-   each R² is independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, —CN, —NO₂,     —OR, —SR, —NR₂, —Si(OH)₂R, —Si(OH)(R)₂, —Si(R)₃, —S(O)₂R, —S(O)₂NR₂,     —S(O)R, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NR₂, —C(O)N(R)OR, —OC(O)R, —OC(O)NR₂,     —N(R)C(O)OR, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)C(O)NR₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —N(R)S(O)₂NR₂,     —P(O)(OR)₂, —P(O)(NR₂)OR, —P(O)(NR₂)₂, optionally substituted C₁₋₆     aliphatic, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having     1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur, optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl     ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from boron,     nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, optionally substituted 7-13     membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic     ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms,     independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or     sulfur; or a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4     heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur;

-   L¹ is a covalent bond or a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated,     straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene     units of L¹ are independently and optionally replaced by —O—, —NR3—,     —S—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —Si(R¹)₂—, —P(O)(R¹)—, —P(O)(OR)₋,     —P(O)(NR₂)—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NR³S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR³—, —NR³C(O)—,     —C(O)NR³—, —OC(O)NR³—, —NR³C(O)O—,

-   

-   

-   L² is a covalent bond or a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated,     straight or branched C₁₋₅₀ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 0-6 methylene     units of L² are independently replaced by —Cy—, —O—, —NR—, —S—,     —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —Si(R)₂—, —P(O)(R¹)—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—,     —NRS(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR—, —NRC(O)—, —C(O)NR—, —OC(O)NR—, —NRC(O)O—,

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   wherein:

-   each —Cy— is independently an optionally substituted bivalent ring     selected from phenylenyl, 8-10 membered bicyclic arylenyl, 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclylenyl, 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated spiro carbocyclylenyl,     8-10 membered bicyclic saturated or partially unsaturated     carbocyclylenyl, 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated     heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from     boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, 4-7 membered saturated     or partially unsaturated spiro heterocyclylenyl having 1-2     heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur, 8-10 membered bicyclic saturated or partially     unsaturated heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently     selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, 5-6     membered heteroarylenyl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently     selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or 8-10     membered bicyclic heteroarylenyl having 1-5 heteroatoms     independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or     sulfur;

-   each R³ is independently hydrogen, deuterium, or optionally     substituted C₁₋₄ aliphatic;

-   Ring B is selected from a 3 to 7-membered saturated or partially     unsaturated carbocyclic ring, phenyl, 8-10 membered bicyclic     carbocyclic aromatic ring, 4-7 membered saturated or partially     unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently     selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, 5-6     membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently     selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, 7-13     membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic     ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms,     independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or     sulfur, or a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4     heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur; wherein Ring B is optionally further substituted     with 1-2 oxo groups;

-   TBM is a target binding moiety;

-   m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;

-   n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and

-   each of p is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.

In preferred aspects of the invention, the TBM group is a group, which binds to target proteins. Targets of the TBM group are numerous in kind and are selected from proteins that are expressed in a cell such that at least a portion of the sequences is found in the cell and may bind to a TBM group. The term“protein” includes oligopeptides and polypeptide sequences of sufficient length that they can bind to a TBM group according to the present invention. Any protein in a eukaryotic system, as described herein, are targets for ubiquitination mediated by the compounds according to the present invention.

TBM groups according to the present invention include, for example, include any moiety which binds to a protein specifically (binds to a target protein) and includes the following non-limiting examples of small molecule target protein moieties: Hsp90 inhibitors, kinase inhibitors, HDM2 & MDM2 inhibitors, compounds targeting Human BET Bromodomain-containing proteins, HDAC inhibitors, human lysine methyltransferase inhibitors, angiogenesis inhibitors, nuclear hormone receptor compounds, immunosuppressive compounds, and compounds targeting the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), among numerous others. The compositions described below exemplify some of the members of these nine types of small molecule target protein binding moieties. Such small molecule target protein binding moieties also include pharmaceutically acceptable salts, enantiomers, solvates and polymorphs of these compositions, as well as other small molecules that may target a protein of interest. These binding moieties are linked to the ubiquitin ligase binding moiety preferably through a linker in order to present a target protein (to which the protein target moiety is bound) in proximity to the ubiquitin ligase for ubiquitination and degradation.

Any protein, which can bind to a target binding moiety or TBM group and acted on or degraded by an ubiquitin ligase is a target protein according to the present invention. In general, target proteins may include, for example, structural proteins, receptors, enzymes, cell surface proteins, proteins pertinent to the integrated function of a cell, including proteins involved in catalytic activity, aromatase activity, motor activity, helicase activity, metabolic processes (anabolism and catabolism), antioxidant activity, proteolysis, biosynthesis, proteins with kinase activity, oxidoreductase activity, transferase activity, hydrolase activity, lyase activity, isomerase activity, ligase activity, enzyme regulator activity, signal transducer activity, structural molecule activity, binding activity (protein, lipid carbohydrate), receptor activity, cell motility, membrane fusion, cell communication, regulation of biological processes, development, cell differentiation, response to stimulus, behavioral proteins, cell adhesion proteins, proteins involved in cell death, proteins involved in transport (including protein transporter activity, nuclear transport, ion transporter activity, channel transporter activity, carrier activity, permease activity, secretion activity, electron transporter activity, pathogenesis, chaperone regulator activity, nucleic acid binding activity, transcription regulator activity, extracellular organization and biogenesis activity, translation regulator activity. Proteins of interest can include proteins from eurkaryotes and prokaryotes including humans as targets for drug therapy, other animals, including domesticated animals, microbials for the determination of targets for antibiotics and other antimicrobials and plants, and even viruses, among numerous others.

TBM (or target binding moiety) is a small molecule which is capable of binding to or binds to a target protein of interest.

Some embodiments of the present application relate to TBMs which include but are not limited to Hsp90 inhibitors, kinase inhibitors, MDM2 inhibitors, compounds targeting Human BET Bromodomain-containing proteins, compounds targeting cytosolic signaling protein FKBP12, HDAC inhibitors, human lysine methyltransferase inhibitors, angiogenesis inhibitors, immunosuppressive compounds, and compounds targeting the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR).

In some embodiments, TBM is a BRD ligand selected from

, wherein R denotes attachment to

In some embodiments, TBM is a CREBBP ligand selected from

, wherein R denotes attachment to

X is N or C; and n is 0 to 8.

In some embodiments, TBM is a SMARCA4/PB1/SMARCA2 ligand selected from

, wherein R denotes attachment to

X is N or C; and n is 0 to 8.

In some embodiments, TBM is a TRIM24/BRPF1 ligand selected from

, wherein R denotes attachment to

and n is 0 to 8.

In some embodiments, TBM is a glucocorticoid receptor ligand selected from

, wherein R denotes attachment to

or

In some embodiments, TBM is a estrogen/androgen receptor ligand selected from

, wherein R denotes attachment to

In some embodiments, TBM is a DOT1L ligand selected from

wherein R denotes attachment to

X is N or C; and n is 0 - 8.

In some embodiments, TBM is a BRAF ligand selected from

, wherein R denotes attachment to

In some embodiments, TBM is a Ras ligand selected from

, wherein R denotes attachment to

In some embodiments, TBM is a RasG12C ligand selected from

, wherein R denotes attachment to

In some embodiments, TBM is a Her3 ligand selected from

wherein R denotes attachment to

and R′ is —CH₂CH₃ or —CH═CH₂.

In some embodiments, TBM is a Bcl-2/Bcl-XL ligand selected from

wherein R denotes attachment to

In some embodiments, TBM is an HDAC ligand selected from

, wherein R denotes attachment to

In some embodiments, TBM is a PPAR-gamma ligand selected from

, wherein R denotes attachment to

In some embodiments, TBM is selected from

wherein

is attached to a modifiable carbon, oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atom.

In some embodiments, TBM is an Abl, KRAS, SHP2, cRAF, MerTK or PRMT5 ligand that are selected from the following non-limiting examples:

-   Abl

-   

-   KRAS

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   

-   SHP2

-   

-   cRAF

-   

-   MerTK

-   

-   

-   

-   PRMT5

-   

-   

-   

-   wherein

-   

-   

-   is attached to a modifiable carbon, oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atom.

In some embodiments, TBM is a KRAS ligand selected from

wherein

is attached to a modifiable carbon, oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atom.

In some embodiments, a TBM moiety is selected from PTM moieties as recited in WO 2016/197032 the entirety of each of which is herein incorporated by reference. In some embodiments, a TBM moiety is selected from such inhibitors as described in WO 2016/197032 at paragraphs [00116] through [00173] wherein the recitation of a “Linker” moiety in WO 2016/197032 corresponds to the —L— group as defined and described herein.

Exemplary compounds of the invention are set forth in Table 1, below.

TABLE 1 Exemplary Compounds Compound Number Structure I-1

I-2

I-3

I-4

I-5

I-6

I-7

I-8

I-9

I-10

I-11

I-12

I-13

I-14

I-15

I-16

In some embodiments, the method employs a compound set forth in Table 1, above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, TBM is one of the compounds in Table 2, below, wherein

is attached to a modifiable carbon, oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atom.

Lengthy table referenced here US20230295180A1-20230921-T00001 Please refer to the end of the specification for access instructions.

5. Uses, Formulation and Administration Pharmaceutically Acceptable Compositions

According to another embodiment, the invention provides a composition comprising a compound of this invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle. The amount of compound in compositions of this invention is such that is effective to measurably bind CRBN, or a mutant thereof, and a targeted protein, or a mutant thereof, in a biological sample or in a patient. In certain embodiments, a composition of this invention is formulated for administration to a patient in need of such composition. In some embodiments, a composition of this invention is formulated for oral administration to a patient.

The term “patient,” as used herein, means an animal, preferably a mammal, and most preferably a human.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle” refers to a non-toxic carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle that does not destroy the pharmacological activity of the compound with which it is formulated. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants or vehicles that may be used in the compositions of this invention include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol and wool fat.

A “pharmaceutically acceptable derivative” means any non-toxic salt, ester, salt of an ester or other derivative of a compound of this invention that, upon administration to a recipient, is capable of providing, either directly or indirectly, a compound of this invention or an inhibitorily active metabolite or residue thereof.

As used herein, the term “active metabolite or residue thereof” means that a metabolite or residue thereof is also a binder of CRBN, or a mutant thereof, or a targeted protein, or a mutant thereof.

Compositions of the present invention may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir. The term “parenteral” as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques. Preferably, the compositions are administered orally, intraperitoneally or intravenously. Sterile injectable forms of the compositions of this invention may be aqueous or oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer’s solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.

For this purpose, any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides. Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions. These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents that are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms including emulsions and suspensions. Other commonly used surfactants, such as Tweens, Spans and other emulsifying agents or bioavailability enhancers which are commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, or other dosage forms may also be used for the purposes of formulation.

Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions. In the case of tablets for oral use, carriers commonly used include lactose and corn starch. Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added. For oral administration in a capsule form, useful diluents include lactose and dried cornstarch. When aqueous suspensions are required for oral use, the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening, flavoring or coloring agents may also be added.

Alternatively, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention may be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration. These can be prepared by mixing the agent with a suitable non-irritating excipient that is solid at room temperature but liquid at rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materials include cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.

Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention may also be administered topically, especially when the target of treatment includes areas or organs readily accessible by topical application, including diseases of the eye, the skin, or the lower intestinal tract. Suitable topical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas or organs.

Topical application for the lower intestinal tract can be effected in a rectal suppository formulation (see above) or in a suitable enema formulation. Topically-transdermal patches may also be used.

For topical applications, provided pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated in a suitable ointment containing the active component suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers. Carriers for topical administration of compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water. Alternatively, provided pharmaceutically acceptable compositions can be formulated in a suitable lotion or cream containing the active components suspended or dissolved in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.

For ophthalmic use, provided pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated as micronized suspensions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, or, preferably, as solutions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, either with or without a preservative such as benzylalkonium chloride. Alternatively, for ophthalmic uses, the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated in an ointment such as petrolatum.

Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention may also be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation. Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other conventional solubilizing or dispersing agents.

Most preferably, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention are formulated for oral administration. Such formulations may be administered with or without food. In some embodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention are administered without food. In other embodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention are administered with food.

The amount of compounds of the present invention that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a composition in a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated, the particular mode of administration. Preferably, provided compositions should be formulated so that a dosage of between 0.01 - 100 mg/kg body weight/day of the compound can be administered to a patient receiving these compositions.

It should also be understood that a specific dosage and treatment regimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and the judgment of the treating physician and the severity of the particular disease being treated. The amount of a compound of the present invention in the composition will also depend upon the particular compound in the composition.

Uses of Compounds and Pharmaceutically Acceptable Compositions

Presently described are compositions and methods that relate to the surprising and unexpected discovery that an E3 Ubiquitin Ligase protein, e.g., cereblon, ubiquitinates a target protein once it and the target protein are placed in proximity by a bifunctional or chimeric construct that binds the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase protein and the target protein. Accordingly the present invention provides such compounds and compositions comprising an E3 Ubiquintin Ligase binding moiety (“UBM”) coupled to a protein target binding moiety (“TBM”), which result in the ubiquitination of a chosen target protein, which leads to degradation of the target protein by the proteasome.

Compounds and compositions described herein are generally useful for the modulation of targeted ubiquitination, especially with respect to a variety of polypeptides and other proteins, which are degraded and/or otherwise inhibited. In some embodiments the protein inhibited by the compounds and methods of the invention comprises those proteins listed in paragraph [00313].

Compounds and compositions described herein exhibit a broad range of pharmacological activities, consistent with the degradation/inhibition of targeted polypeptides.

Accordingly, compounds that bind CRBN are beneficial, especially those with selectivity over E3 ligases. Such compounds should deliver a pharmacological response that favorably treats one or more of the conditions described herein without the side-effects associated with the binding of E3 ligases.

Even though CRBN binders are known in the art, there is a continuing need to provide novel binders having more effective or advantageous pharmaceutically relevant properties. For example, compounds with increased activity, selectivity over other E3 ligases, and ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and/or toxicity) properties. Thus, in some embodiments, the present invention provides binders of CRBN which show selectivity over other E3 ligases.

The activity of a compound utilized in this invention as an binder of CRBN, or a mutant thereof, may be assayed in vitro, in vivo or in a cell line. In vitro assays include assays that determine the subsequent functional consequences, or activity of activated CRBN, or a mutant thereof. Alternate in vitro assays quantitate the ability of the compound to bind to CRBN. Binding may be measured by radiolabeling the compound prior to binding, isolating the compound/CRBN complex and determining the amount of radiolabel bound. Alternatively, compound binding may be determined by running a competition experiment where new compounds are incubated with CRBN bound to known radioligands. Representative in vitro and in vivo assays useful in assaying a CRBN binder include those described and disclosed in, Boichenko et al. J. Med. Chem. (2016) 59, 770-774 and Iconomou and Saunders Biochemical Journal (2016) 473, 4083-4101, the entirety of each of which is herein incorporated by reference. Detailed conditions for assaying a compound utilized in this invention as an binder of CRBN, or a mutant thereof, are set forth in the Examples below.

The term “Ubiquitin Ligase″ refers to a family of proteins that facilitate the transfer of ubiquitin to a specific substrate protein, targeting the substrate protein for degradation. For example, cereblon is an E3 Ubiquitin Ligase protein that alone or in combination with an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme causes the attachment of ubiquitin to a lysine on a target protein, and subsequently targets the specific protein substrates for degradation by the proteasome. Thus, E3 ubiquitin ligase alone or in complex with an E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme is responsible for the transfer of ubiquitin to targeted proteins. In general, the ubiquitin ligase is involved in polyubiquitination such that a second ubiquitin is attached to the first; a third is attached to the second, and so forth. Polyubiquitination marks proteins for degradation by the proteasome. However, there are some ubiquitination events that are limited to mono- ubiquitination, in which only a single ubiquitin is added by the ubiquitin ligase to a substrate molecule. Mono-ubiquitinated proteins are not targeted to the proteasome for degradation, but may instead be altered in their cellular location or function, for example, via binding other proteins that have domains capable of binding ubiquitin. Further complicating matters, different lysines on ubiquitin can be targeted by an E3 to make chains. The most common lysine is Lys48 on the ubiquitin chain. This is the lysine used to make polyubiquitin, which is recognized by the proteasome.

As used herein, the terms “treatment,” “treat,” and “treating” refer to reversing, alleviating, delaying the onset of, or inhibiting the progress of a disease or disorder, or one or more symptoms thereof, as described herein. In some embodiments, treatment may be administered after one or more symptoms have developed. In other embodiments, treatment may be administered in the absence of symptoms. For example, treatment may be administered to a susceptible individual prior to the onset of symptoms (e.g., in light of a history of symptoms and/or in light of genetic or other susceptibility factors). Treatment may also be continued after symptoms have resolved, for example to prevent or delay their recurrence.

The description provides therapeutic compositions as described herein for effectuating the degradation of proteins of interest for the treatment or amelioration of a disease, e.g., cancer. In certain additional embodiments, the disease is multiple myeloma. As such, in another aspect, the description provides a method of ubiquitinating/ degrading a target protein in a cell. In certain embodiments, the method comprises administering a bifunctional compound as described herein comprising, e.g., a UBM and a TBM, linked through a linker moiety, as otherwise described herein, wherein the UBM is coupled to the TBM and wherein the UBM recognizes a ubiquitin pathway protein (e.g., an ubiquitin ligase, preferably an E3 ubiquitin ligase such as, e.g., cereblon) and the TBM recognizes the target protein such that degradation of the target protein will occur when the target protein is placed in proximity to the ubiquitin ligase, thus resulting in degradation/inhibition of the effects of the target protein and the control of protein levels. The control of protein levels afforded by the present invention provides treatment of a disease state or condition, which is modulated through the target protein by lowering the level of that protein in the cell, e.g., cell of a patient. In certain embodiments, the method comprises administering an effective amount of a compound as described herein, optionally including a pharamaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier, adjuvant, another bioactive agent or combination thereof.

In additional embodiments, the description provides methods for treating or emeliorating a disease, disorder or symptom thereof in a subject or a patient, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a composition comprising an effective amount, e.g., a therapeutically effective amount, of a compound as described herein or salt form thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier, adjuvant, another bioactive agent or combination thereof, wherein the composition is effective for treating or ameliorating the disease or disorder or symptom thereof in the subject.

In another aspect, the description provides methods for identifying the effects of the degradation of proteins of interest in a biological system using compounds according to the present invention.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method of treating a human patient in need for a disease state or condition modulated through a protein where the degradation of that protein will produce a therapeutic effect in that patient, the method comprising administering to a patient in need an effective amount of a compound according to the present invention, optionally in combination with another bioactive agent. The disease state or condition may be a disease caused by a microbial agent or other exogenous agent such as a virus, bacteria, fungus, protozoa or other microbe or may be a disease state, which is caused by overexpression of a protein, which leads to a disease state and/or condition.

Disease states of conditions which may be treated using compounds according to the present invention include, for example, asthma, autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, various cancers, ciliopathies, cleft palate, diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, inflammatory bowel disease, mental retardation, mood disorder, obesity, refractive error, infertility, Angelman syndrome, Canavan disease, Coeliac disease, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, Cystic fibrosis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Haemochromatosis, Haemophilia, Klinefelter’s syndrome, Neurofibromatosis, Phenylketonuria, Polycystic kidney disease, (PKD1) or 4 (PKD2) Prader-Willi syndrome, Sickle-cell disease, Tay-Sachs disease, Turner syndrome.

Further disease states or conditions which may be treated by compounds according to the present invention include Alzheimer’s disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s disease), Anorexia nervosa, Anxiety disorder, Atherosclerosis, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Autism, Bipolar disorder, Chronic fatigue syndrome, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Crohn’s disease, Coronary heart disease, Dementia, Depression, Diabetes mellitus type 1, Diabetes mellitus type 2, Epilepsy, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Irritable bowel syndrome, Lupus, Metabolic syndrome, Multiple sclerosis, Myocardial infarction, Obesity, Obsessive-compulsive disorder, Panic disorder, Parkinson’s disease, Psoriasis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Sarcoidosis, Schizophrenia, Stroke, Thromboangiitis obliterans, Tourette syndrome, Vasculitis.

Still additional disease states or conditions which can be treated by compounds according to the present invention include aceruloplasminemia, Achondrogenesis type II, achondroplasia, Acrocephaly, Gaucher disease type 2, acute intermittent porphyria, Canavan disease, Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, ALA dehydratase deficiency, adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency, Adrenogenital syndrome, Adrenoleukodystrophy, ALA-D porphyria, ALA dehydratase deficiency, Alkaptonuria, Alexander disease, Alkaptonuric ochronosis, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor, emphysema, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Alström syndrome, Alexander disease, Amelogenesis imperfecta, ALA dehydratase deficiency, Anderson-Fabry disease, androgen insensitivity syndrome, Anemia Angiokeratoma Corporis Diffusum, Angiomatosis retinae (von Hippel-Lindau disease) Apert syndrome, Arachnodactyly (Marfan syndrome), Stickler syndrome, Arthrochalasis multiplex congenital (Ehlers-Danlos syndrome#arthrochalasia type) ataxia telangiectasia, Rett syndrome, primary pulmonary hypertension, Sandhoff disease, neurofibromatosis type II, Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome, Mediterranean fever, familial, Benjamin syndrome, beta-thalassemia, Bilateral Acoustic Neurofibromatosis (neurofibromatosis type II), factor V Leiden thrombophilia, Bloch-Sulzberger syndrome (incontinentia pigmenti), Bloom syndrome, X- linked sideroblastic anemia, Bonnevie-Ullrich syndrome (Turner syndrome), Bourneville disease (tuberous sclerosis), prion disease, Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome, Brittle bone disease (osteogenesis imperfecta), Broad Thumb-Hallux syndrome (Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome), Bronze Diabetes/Bronzed Cirrhosis (hemochromatosis), Bulbospinal muscular atrophy (Kennedy’s disease), Burger-Grutz syndrome (lipoprotein lipase deficiency), CGD Chronic granulomatous disorder, Campomelic dysplasia, biotinidase deficiency, Cardiomyopathy (Noonan syndrome), Cri du chat, CAVD (congenital absence of the vas deferens), Caylor cardiofacial syndrome (CBAVD), CEP (congenital erythropoietic porphyria), cystic fibrosis, congenital hypothyroidism, Chondrodystrophy syndrome (achondroplasia), otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, galactosemia, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Thanatophoric dysplasia, Coffin-Lowry syndrome, Cockayne syndrome, (familial adenomatous polyposis), Congenital erythropoietic porphyria, Congenital heart disease, Methemoglobinemia/Congenital methaemoglobinaemia, achondroplasia, X-linked sideroblastic anemia, Connective tissue disease, Conotruncal anomaly face syndrome, Cooley’s Anemia (beta-thalassemia), Copper storage disease (Wilson’s disease), Copper transport disease (Menkes disease), hereditary coproporphyria, Cowden syndrome, Craniofacial dysarthrosis (Crouzon syndrome), Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (prion disease), Cockayne syndrome, Cowden syndrome, Curschmann-Batten-Steinert syndrome (myotonic dystrophy), Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome, primary hyperoxaluria, spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia (Strudwick type), muscular dystrophy, Duchenne and Becker types (DBMD), Usher syndrome, Degenerative nerve diseases including de Grouchy syndrome and Dejerine-Sottas syndrome, developmental disabilities, distal spinal muscular atrophy, type V, androgen insensitivity syndrome, Diffuse Globoid Body Sclerosis (Krabbe disease), Di George’s syndrome, Dihydrotestosterone receptor deficiency, androgen insensitivity syndrome, Down syndrome, Dwarfism, erythropoietic protoporphyria Erythroid 5-aminolevulinate synthetase deficiency, Erythropoietic porphyria, erythropoietic protoporphyria, erythropoietic uroporphyria, Friedreich’s ataxia,, familial paroxysmal polyserositis, porphyria cutanea tarda, familial pressure sensitive neuropathy, primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), Fibrocystic disease of the pancreas, fragile X syndrome, galactosemia, genetic brain disorders, Giant cell hepatitis (Neonatal hemochromatosis), Gronblad-Strandberg syndrome (pseudoxanthoma elasticum), Gunther disease (congenital erythropoietic porphyria), haemochromatosis, Hallgren syndrome, sickle cell anemia, hemophilia, hepatoerythropoietic porphyria (HEP), Hippel- Lindau disease (von Hippel-Lindau disease), Huntington’s disease, Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (progeria), Hyperandrogenism, Hypochondroplasia, Hypochromic anemia, Immune system disorders, including X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency, Insley- Astley syndrome, Jackson-Weiss syndrome, Joubert syndrome, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Jackson-Weiss syndrome, Kidney diseases, including hyperoxaluria, Klinefelter’s syndrome, Kniest dysplasia, Lacunar dementia,Langer-Saldino achondrogenesis, ataxia telangiectasia, Lynch syndrome, Lysyl-hydroxylase deficiency, Machado-Joseph disease, Metabolic disorders, including Kniest dysplasia, Marfan syndrome, Movement disorders, Mowat-Wilson syndrome, cystic fibrosis, Muenke syndrome, Multiple neurofibromatosis, Nance-Insley syndrome, Nance-Sweeney chondrodysplasia, Niemann-Pick disease, Noack syndrome (Pfeiffer syndrome), Osler-Weber-Rendu disease, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Polycystic kidney disease, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia (McCune-Albright syndrome), Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Prader- Labhart-Willi syndrome, hemochromatosis, primary hyperuricemia syndrome (Lesch-Nyhan syndrome), primary pulmonary hypertension, primary senile degenerative dementia, prion disease, progeria (Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome), progressive chorea, chronic hereditary (Huntington) (Huntington’s disease), progressive muscular atrophy, spinal muscular atrophy, propionic acidemia, protoporphyria, proximal myotonic dystrophy, pulmonary arterial hypertension, PXE (pseudoxanthoma elasticum), Rb (retinoblastoma), Recklinghausen disease (neurofibromatosis type I), Recurrent polyserositis, Retinal disorders, Retinoblastoma, Rett syndrome, RFALS type 3, Ricker syndrome, Riley-Day syndrome, Roussy-Levy syndrome, severe achondroplasia with developmental delay and acanthosis nigricans (SADDAN), Li- Fraumeni syndrome, sarcoma, breast, leukemia, and adrenal gland (SBLA) syndrome, sclerosis tuberose (tuberous sclerosis), SDAT, SED congenital (spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita), SED Strudwick (spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, Strudwick type), SEDc (spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita) SEMD, Strudwick type (spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, Strudwick type), Shprintzen syndrome, Skin pigmentation disorders, Smith-Lemli- Opitz syndrome, South-African genetic porphyria (variegate porphyria), infantile-onset ascending hereditary spastic paralysis, Speech and communication disorders, sphingolipidosis, Tay-Sachs disease, spinocerebellar ataxia, Stickler syndrome, stroke, androgen insensitivity syndrome, tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency, beta-thalassemia, Thyroid disease, Tomaculous neuropathy (hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies), Treacher Collins syndrome, Triplo X syndrome ( triple X syndrome), Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), Trisomy X, VHL syndrome (von Hippel-Lindau disease), Vision impairment and blindness (Alström syndrome), Vrolik disease, Waardenburg syndrome, Warburg Sjo Fledelius Syndrome, Weissenbacher-Zweymuller syndrome, Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, Wolff Periodic disease, Weissenbacher-Zweymuller syndrome and Xeroderma pigmentosum, among others.

The term “neoplasia” or “cancer” is used throughout the specification to refer to the pathological process that results in the formation and growth of a cancerous or malignant neoplasm, i.e., abnormal tissue that grows by cellular proliferation, often more rapidly than normal and continues to grow after the stimuli that initiated the new growth cease. Malignant neoplasms show partial or complete lack of structural organization and functional coordination with the normal tissue and most invade surrounding tissues, metastasize to several sites, and are likely to recur after attempted removal and to cause the death of the patient unless adequately treated. As used herein, the term neoplasia is used to describe all cancerous disease states and embraces or encompasses the pathological process associated with malignant hematogenous, ascitic and solid tumors. Exemplary cancers which may be treated by the present compounds either alone or in combination with at least one additional anti-cancer agent include squamous-cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinomas, and renal cell carcinomas, cancer of the bladder, bowel, breast, cervix, colon, esophagus, head, kidney, liver, lung, neck, ovary, pancreas, prostate, and stomach; leukemias; benign and malignant lymphomas, particularly Burkitt’s lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma; benign and malignant melanomas; myeloproliferative diseases; sarcomas, including Ewing’s sarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, liposarcoma, myosarcomas, peripheral neuroepithelioma, synovial sarcoma, gliomas, astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, ependymomas, gliobastomas, neuroblastomas, ganglioneuromas, gangliogliomas, medulloblastomas, pineal cell tumors, meningiomas, meningeal sarcomas, neurofibromas, and Schwannomas; bowel cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, cervical cancer, uterine cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, testicular cancer, thyroid cancer, astrocytoma, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, colon cancer, melanoma; carcinosarcoma, Hodgkin’s disease, Wilms’ tumor and teratocarcinomas. Additional cancers which may be treated using compounds according to the present invention include, for example, T-lineage Acute lymphoblastic Leukemia (T-ALL), T-lineage lymphoblastic Lymphoma (T-LL), Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, Adult T-cell Leukemia, Pre-B ALL, Pre-B Lymphomas, Large B- cell Lymphoma, Burkitts Lymphoma, B-cell ALL, Philadelphia chromosome positive ALL and Philadelphia chromosome positive CML.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method for treating one or more disorders, wherein the disorders are selected from autoimmune disorders, inflammatory disorders, proliferative disorders, endocrine disorders, neurological disorders, and disorders associated with transplantation, said method comprising administering to a patient in need thereof, a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, compounds of the present invention induce the ubiquitination and degradation of a target protein selected from the group consisting of A1BG, A1CF, A2M, A2ML1, A3GALT2, A4GALT, A4GNT, AAAS, AACS, AADAC, AADACL2, AADACL3, AADACL4, AADAT, AAED1, AAGAB, AAK1, AAMDC, AAMP, AANAT, AAR2, AARD, AARS, AARS2, AARSD1, AASDH, AASDHPPT, AASS, AATF, AATK, AATK-AS1, ABAT, ABCA1, ABCA10, ABCA12, ABCA13, ABCA2, ABCA3, ABCA4, ABCA5, ABCA6, ABCA7, ABCA8, ABCA9, ABCB1, ABCB10, ABCB11, ABCB4, ABCB5, ABCB6, ABCB7, ABCB8, ABCB9, ABCC1, ABCC10, ABCC11, ABCC12, ABCC2, ABCC3, ABCC4, ABCC5, ABCC6, ABCC8, ABCC9, ABCD1, ABCD2, ABCD3, ABCD4, ABCE1, ABCF1, ABCF2, ABCF3, ABCG1, ABCG2, ABCG4, ABCG5, ABCG8, ABHD1, ABHD10, ABHD11, ABHD12, ABHD12B, ABHD13, ABHD14A, ABHD14A-ACY1, ABHD14B, ABHD15, ABHD16A, ABHD16B, ABHD 17A, ABHD 17B, ABHD 17C, ABHD 18, ABHD2, ABHD3, ABHD4, ABHD5, ABHD6, ABHD8, ABI1, ABI2, ABI3, ABI3BP, ABL1, ABL2, ABLIM1, ABLIM2, ABLIM3, ABO, ABR, ABRA, ABRACL, ABRAXAS1, ABRAXAS2, ABT1, ABTB1, ABTB2, AC001226.2, AC002094.3, AC002115.2, AC002310.4, AC002310.5, AC002429.2, AC002985.1, AC002996.1, AC003002.1, AC003002.2, AC003002.3, AC003002.4, AC003005.1, AC003006.1, AC003688.1, AC004076.1, AC004080.3, AC004223.3, AC004233.2, AC004556.1, AC004691.2, AC004706.4, AC004754.1, AC004805.1, AC004832.3, AC004922.1, AC004997.1, AC005020.2, AC005041.1, AC005154.6, AC005258.1, AC005324.3, AC005324.4, AC005520.1, AC005551.1, AC005670.2, AC005697.1, AC005702.2, AC005726.2, AC005779.2, AC005832.4, AC005833.1, AC005833.3, AC005837.2, AC005841.2, AC005885.1, AC005943.1, AC006030.1, AC006254.1, AC006269.1, AC006449.4, AC006486.1, AC006538.2, AC006978.2, AC007040.2, AC007192.1, AC007240.1, AC007325.1, AC007325.2, AC007325.4, AC007326.4, AC007375.2, AC007383.6, AC007537.5, AC007731.5, AC007906.2, AC007998.2, AC008073.3, AC008162.2, AC008393.2, AC008403.1, AC008481.3, AC008537.1, AC008560.1, AC008575.1, AC008575.2, AC008687.1, AC008687.4, AC008687.8, AC008695.1, AC008735.6, AC008750.8, AC008758.1, AC008758.4, AC008758.5, AC008758.6, AC008763.2, AC008763.3, AC008764.1, AC008764.4, AC008770.2, AC008770.3, AC008878.1, AC008878.2, AC008878.3, AC008982.1, AC008982.3, AC009014.1, AC009086.2, AC009119.2, AC009122.1, AC009133.6, AC009163.2, AC009163.4, AC009286.3, AC009336.2, AC009477.2, AC009690.1, AC009690.3, AC009779.3, AC010132.3, AC010255.3, AC010319.2, AC010323.1, AC010325.1, AC010326.2, AC010327.1, AC010422.3, AC010422.5, AC010422.6, AC010463.1, AC010487.3, AC010522.1, AC010531.1, AC010542.3, AC010547.4, AC010547.5, AC010615.4, AC010616.1, AC010619.1, AC010646.1, AC010724.2, AC011005.1, AC011043.1, AC011043.2, AC011195.2, AC011295.1, AC011346.1, AC011448.1, AC011452.1, AC011455.3, AC011455.4, AC011462.1, AC011473.4, AC011479.1, AC011498.4, AC011499.1, AC011511.1, AC011511.4, AC011530.1, AC011604.2, AC011841.1, AC012184.2, AC012254.2, AC012309.1, AC012314.1, AC012314.10, AC012314.11, AC012314.12, AC012314.4, AC012314.5, AC012314.6, AC012314.8, AC012531.3, AC012651.1, AC013269.1, AC013271.1, AC013394.1, AC013470.2, AC015688.5, AC015802.6, AC015813.2, AC017081.3, AC017081.4, AC017081.5, AC017083.4, AC018512.1, AC018523.2, AC018554.3, AC018630.6, AC018709.1, AC018755.2, AC018793.1, AC018793.2, AC018793.3, AC018793.4, AC018793.5, AC019117.3, AC020636.2, AC020909.1, AC020914.1, AC020915.1, AC020915.2, AC020915.6, AC020922.1, AC020934.3, AC021072.1, AC022016.2, AC022167.5, AC022335.1, AC022384.1, AC022400.6, AC022826.2, AC023055.1, AC023491.2, AC023509.3, AC024592.3, AC024940.1, AC024940.6, AC025165.3, AC025263.2, AC025283.2, AC025287.4, AC025594.2, AC026369.8, AC026398.1, AC026461.4, AC026464.1, AC026464.3, AC026464.4, AC026786.1, AC026954.2, AC027796.3, AC034102.2, AC036214.3, AC037459.1, AC037482.2, AC037482.3, AC040162.1, AC040162.4, AC044810.8, AC046185.1, AC048338.1, AC051649.2, AC053481.5, AC055811.2, AC058822.1, AC064853.2, AC064853.3, AC064853.4, AC064853.5, AC064853.6, AC067968.1, AC068234.1, AC068533.4, AC068547.1, AC068580.4, AC068631.2, AC068775.1, AC068775.2, AC068790.8, AC068896.1, AC068946.1, AC068987.5, AC069257.3, AC069368.1, AC069503.2, AC069544.2, AC072022.1, AC073082.1, AC073111.3, AC073111.5, AC073264.3, AC073508.2, AC073610.2, AC073610.3, AC073612.1, AC073896.1, AC074143.1, AC078927.1, AC079325.2, AC079447.1, AC079594.2, AC083800.1, AC083902.2, AC084337.2, AC087289.3, AC087498.1, AC087632.1, AC090004.1, AC090227.1, AC090360.1, AC090527.2, AC090958.3, AC091167.3, AC091167.7, AC091167.8, AC091304.7, AC091491.1, AC091551.1, AC091959.3, AC091980.2, AC092017.3, AC092042.3, AC092073.1, AC092111.3, AC092143.1, AC092329.3, AC092442.1, AC092587.1, AC092647.5, AC092718.3, AC092718.8, AC092821.1, AC092824.3, AC092835.1, AC093155.3, AC093227.3, AC093423.3, AC093525.1, AC093525.2, AC093668.1, AC093762.1, AC093762.2, AC093762.3, AC093899.2, AC096582.3, AC096887.1, AC097372.1, AC097495.1, AC097637.1, AC097662.2, AC098484.3, AC098650.1, AC098850.4, AC099329.3, AC099489.1, AC099518.3, AC099811.2, AC099850.2, AC100868.1, AC104109.3, AC104151.1, AC104304.1, AC104452.1, AC104532.1, AC104534.3, AC104581.1, AC104581.3, AC104662.2, AC104836.1, AC105001.2, AC105052.1, AC106774.10, AC106774.5, AC106774.6, AC106774.7, AC106774.8, AC106774.9, AC106782.1, AC106886.5, AC107871.1, AC108488.2, AC108750.1, AC108941.2, AC109583.3, AC110275.1, AC112229.3, AC112484.1, AC113189.6, AC113189.9, AC113331.2, AC113554.2, AC114296.1, AC114490.2, AC115220.1, AC116366.3, AC116565.1, AC117457.1, AC118470.1, AC118553.2, AC119396.1, AC119674.2, AC120057.3, AC120114.5, AC124312.1, AC126755.2, AC127537.5, AC127537.6, AC127537.8, AC129492.3, AC131097.2, AC131160.1, AC133551.1, AC133555.3, AC134669.2, AC134772.2, AC135050.2, AC135068.1, AC135068.2, AC135068.3, AC135068.8, AC135178.2, AC135586.2, AC136352.3, AC136352.4, AC136428.1, AC136612.1, AC136616.1, AC136616.2, AC136616.3, AC137834.1, AC138517.2, AC138647.1, AC138696.1, AC138811.2, AC138894.1, AC138969.1, AC139530.2, AC139677.1, AC139677.2, AC140504.1, AC141272.1, AC142391.1, AC142525.4, AC145029.2, AC145212.1, AC145212.2, AC171558.1, AC171558.3, AC171558.5, AC171558.6, AC187653.1, AC207056.1, AC209232.1, AC209539.2, AC210544.1, AC213203.1, AC229888.1, AC229888.10, AC229888.2, AC229888.3, AC229888.4, AC229888.5, AC229888.6, AC229888.7, AC229888.8, AC229888.9, AC233282.1, AC233282.2, AC233723.1, AC233724.12, AC233724.16, AC233724.17, AC233724.18, AC233724.19, AC233724.20, AC233724.21, AC233724.6, AC233755.1, AC233755.2, AC233992.2, AC234301.1, AC234301.3, AC234635.1, AC234635.3, AC234635.4, AC234635.5, AC236040.1, AC239612.1, AC239618.1, AC239618.2, AC239618.3, AC239618.4, AC239618.5, AC239618.6, AC239618.7, AC239618.9, AC239799.1, AC240274.1, AC241401.1, AC241409.2, AC241410.1, AC241556.3, AC241556.4, AC241640.1, AC241640.2, AC241640.4, AC242528.1, AC242528.2, AC243547.3, AC243733.1, AC243734.1, AC243756.1, AC243790.1, AC243967.1, AC244196.1, AC244196.2, AC244196.3, AC244196.4, AC244196.5, AC244197.3, AC244216.4, AC244216.5, AC244226.1, AC244226.2, AC244472.1, AC244472.2, AC244472.3, AC244472.4, AC244472.5, AC244489.1, AC244489.2, AC244517.10, AC244517.6, AC245033.1, AC245034.2, AC245078.1, AC245088.2, AC245088.3, AC245369.1, AC245369.2, AC245369.3, AC245369.4, AC245369.6, AC245427.1, AC245427.3, AC245427.4, AC245427.5, AC245427.6, AC245427.7, AC245427.8, AC245427.9, AC245748.1, AC247036.3, AC247036.4, AC247036.5, AC247036.6, AC254560.1, AC254788.1, AC254788.2, AC254952.1, AC255093.3, AC255093.5, AC256236.1, AC256236.2, AC256236.3, AC256300.2, AC256309.2, AC270107.1, AC270107.10, AC270107.12, AC270107.2, AC270107.3, AC270107.4, AC270107.5, AC270107.7, AC270107.8, AC270107.9, AC270227.1, AC270306.4, AC275455.2, ACAA1, ACAA2, ACACA, ACACB, ACAD10, ACAD11, ACAD8, ACAD9, ACADL, ACADM, ACADS, ACADSB, ACADVL, ACAN, ACAP1, ACAP2, ACAP3, ACAT1, ACAT2, ACBD3, ACBD4, ACBD5, ACBD6, ACBD7, ACCS, ACCSL, ACD, ACE, ACE2, ACER1, ACER2, ACER3, ACHE, ACIN1, ACKR1, ACKR2, ACKR3, ACKR4, ACLY, ACMSD, ACO1, ACO2, ACOD1, ACOT1, ACOT11, ACOT12, ACOT13, ACOT2, ACOT4, ACOT6, ACOT7, ACOT8, ACOT9, ACOX1, ACOX2, ACOX3, ACOXL, ACP1, ACP2, ACP4, ACP5, ACP6, ACP7, ACPP, ACR, ACRBP, ACRV1, ACSBG1, ACSBG2, ACSF2, ACSF3, ACSL1, ACSL3, ACSL4, ACSL5, ACSL6, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM2B, ACSM3, ACSM4, ACSM5, ACSM6, ACSS1, ACSS2, ACSS3, ACTA1, ACTA2, ACTB, ACTBL2, ACTC1, ACTG1, ACTG2, ACTL10, ACTL6A, ACTL6B, ACTL7A, ACTL7B, ACTL8, ACTL9, ACTN1, ACTN2, ACTN3, ACTN4, ACTR10, ACTR1A, ACTR1B, ACTR2, ACTR3, ACTR3B, ACTR3C, ACTR5, ACTR6, ACTR8, ACTRT1, ACTRT2, ACTRT3, ACVR1, ACVR1B, ACVR1C, ACVR2A, ACVR2B, ACVRL1, ACY1, ACY3, ACYP1, ACYP2, AD000671.1, AD000671.2, ADA, ADA2, ADAD1, ADAD2, ADAL, ADAM10, ADAM11, ADAM12, ADAM15, ADAM17, ADAM18, ADAM19, ADAM2, ADAM20, ADAM21, ADAM22, ADAM23, ADAM28, ADAM29, ADAM30, ADAM32, ADAM33, ADAM7, ADAM8, ADAM9, ADAMDEC1, ADAMTS1, ADAMTS10, ADAMTS12, ADAMTS13, ADAMTS14, ADAMTS15, ADAMTS16, ADAMTS17, ADAMTS18, ADAMTS19, ADAMTS2, ADAMTS20, ADAMTS3, ADAMTS4, ADAMTS5, ADAMTS6, ADAMTS7, ADAMTS8, ADAMTS9, ADAMTSL1, ADAMTSL2, ADAMTSL3, ADAMTSL4, ADAMTSL5, ADAP1, ADAP2, ADAR, ADARB1, ADARB2, ADAT1, ADAT2, ADAT3, ADCK1, ADCK2, ADCK5, ADCY1, ADCY10, ADCY2, ADCY3, ADCY4, ADCY5, ADCY6, ADCY7, ADCY8, ADCY9, ADCYAP1, ADCYAP1R1, ADD1, ADD2, ADD3, ADGB, ADGRA1, ADGRA2, ADGRA3, ADGRB1, ADGRB2, ADGRB3, ADGRD1, ADGRD2, ADGRE1, ADGRE2, ADGRE3, ADGRE5, ADGRF1, ADGRF2, ADGRF3, ADGRF4, ADGRF5, ADGRG1, ADGRG2, ADGRG3, ADGRG4, ADGRG5, ADGRG6, ADGRG7, ADGRL1, ADGRL2, ADGRL3, ADGRL4, ADGRV1, ADH1A, ADH1B, ADH1C, ADH4, ADH5, ADH6, ADH7, ADHFE1, ADI1, ADIG, ADIPOQ, ADIPOR1, ADIPOR2, ADIRF, ADK, ADM, ADM2, ADM5, ADNP, ADNP2, ADO, ADORA1, ADORA2A, ADORA2B, ADORA3, ADPGK, ADPRH, ADPRHL1, ADPRBL2, ADPRM, ADRA1A, ADRA1B, ADRA1D, ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, ADRB1, ADRB2, ADRB3, ADRM1, ADSL, ADSS, ADSSL1, ADTRP, AEBP1, AEBP2, AEN, AES, AF130351.1, AF241726.2, AFAP1, AFAP1L1, AFAP1L2, AFDN, AFF1, AFF2, AFF3, AFF4, AFG1L, AFG3L2, AFM, AFMID, AFP, AFTPH, AGA, AGAP1, AGAP2, AGAP3, AGAP4, AGAP5, AGAP6, AGAP9, AGBL1, AGBL2, AGBL3, AGBL4, AGBL5, AGER, AGFG1, AGFG2, AGGF1, AGK, AGL, AGMAT, AGMO, AGO1, AGO2, AGO3, AGO4, AGPAT1, AGPAT2, AGPAT3, AGPAT4, AGPAT5, AGPS, AGR2, AGR3, AGRN, AGRP, AGT, AGTPBP1, AGTR1, AGTR2, AGTRAP, AGXT, AGXT2, AHCTF1, AHCY, AHCYL1, AHCYL2, AHDC1, AHI1, AHNAK, AHNAK2, AHR, AHRR, AHSA1, AHSA2, AHSG, AHSP, AICDA, AIDA, AIF1, AIF1L, AIFM1, AIFM2, AIFM3, AIG1, AIM2, AIMP1, AIMP2, AIP, AIPL1, AIRE, AJAP1, AJUBA, AK1, AK2, AK3, AK4, AK5, AK6, AK7, AK8, AK9, AKAIN1, AKAP1, AKAP10, AKAP11, AKAP12, AKAP13, AKAP14, AKAP17A, AKAP2, AKAP3, AKAP4, AKAP5, AKAP6, AKAP7, AKAP8, AKAP8L, AKAP9, AKIP1, AKIRIN1, AKIRIN2, AKNA, AKNAD1, AKR1A1, AKR1B1, AKR1B10, AKR1B15, AKR1C1, AKR1C2, AKR1C3, AKR1C4, AKR1D1, AKR1E2, AKR7A2, AKR7A3, AKR7L, AKT1, AKT1S1, AKT2, AKT3, AKTIP, AL020996.2, AL021154.3, AL021546.1, AL021997.3, AL022238.4, AL022318.4, AL024498.2, AL031708.1, AL032819.3, AL033529.1, AL035425.2, AL035460.1, AL049634.2, AL049650.1, AL049697.1, AL049779.1, AL049839.2, AL049844.1, AL049844.3, AL080251.1, AL096814.1, AL096870.1, AL109810.2, AL109811.4, AL109827.1, AL109936.3, AL109936.4, AL110118.2, AL110118.4, AL117258.1, AL117339.5, AL117348.2, AL121581.1, AL121594.3, AL121722.1, AL121753.1, AL121758.1, AL121845.2, AL121845.3, AL132671.2, AL132780.3, AL133352.1, AL133414.1, AL133414.2, AL136295.1, AL136295.3, AL136295.4, AL136295.5, AL136373.1, AL136531.2, AL138694.1, AL138752.2, AL138826.1, AL139011.2, AL139260.3, AL139300.1, AL139353.1, AL157392.5, AL159163.1, AL160275.1, AL160276.1, AL160396.2, AL161669.4, AL161911.1, AL162231.1, AL162231.3, AL163195.3, AL163636.2, AL353572.3, AL353588.1, AL354761.2, AL354822.1, AL355102.2, AL355315.1, AL355860.1, AL355916.3, AL355987.1, AL355987.3, AL356585.9, AL357673.1, AL358075.4, AL359736.1, AL359736.3, AL359922.1, AL360181.3, AL360181.5, AL365205.1, AL365214.3, AL365232.1, AL365273.2, AL391650.1, AL449266.1, AL451007.3, AL512428.1, AL512506.3, AL512785.2, AL513165.2, AL513523.10, AL513523.9, AL583836.1, AL589666.1, AL590132.1, AL590560.1, AL591806.3, AL592183.1, AL592490.1, AL593848.2, AL603832.3, AL645922.1, AL645941.2, AL662828.1, AL662852.6, AL662899.1, AL662899.2, AL662899.3, AL669918.1, AL672043.1, AL672142.1, AL691442.1, AL713999.1, AL772284.2, AL807752.6, AL807752.7, AL844853.2, AL845331.2, AL845464.1, AL928654.4, AL929554.1, AL929561.7, ALAD, ALAS1, ALAS2, ALB, ALCAM, ALDH16A1, ALDH18A1, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A2, ALDH1A3, ALDH1B1, ALDH1L1, ALDH1L2, ALDH2, ALDH3A1, ALDH3A2, ALDH3B1, ALDH3B2, ALDH4A1, ALDH5A1, ALDH6A1, ALDH7A1, ALDH8A1, ALDH9A1, ALDOA, ALDOB, ALDOC, ALG1, ALG10, ALG10B, ALG11, ALG12, ALG13, ALG14, ALG1L, ALG1L2, ALG2, ALG3, ALG5, ALG6, ALG8, ALG9, ALK, ALKAL1, ALKAL2, ALKBH1, ALKBH2, ALKBH3, ALKBH4, ALKBH5, ALKBH6, ALKBH7, ALKBH8, ALLC, ALMS1, ALOX12, ALOX12B, ALOX15, ALOX15B, ALOX5, ALOX5AP, ALOXE3, ALPI, ALPK1, ALPK2, ALPK3, ALPL, ALPP, ALPPL2, ALS2, ALS2CL, ALS2CR12, ALX1, ALX3, ALX4, ALYREF, AMACR, AMBN, AMBP, AMBRA1, AMD1, AMDHD1, AMDHD2, AMELX, AMELY, AMER1, AMER2, AMER3, AMFR, AMH, AMHR2, AMIGO1, AMIGO2, AMIGO3, AMMECR1, AMMECR1L, AMN, AMN1, AMOT, AMOTL1, AMOTL2, AMPD1, AMPD2, AMPD3, AMPH, AMT, AMTN, AMY1A, AMY1B, AMY1C, AMY2A, AMY2B, AMZ1, AMZ2, ANAPC1, ANAPC10, ANAPC11, ANAPC13, ANAPC15, ANAPC16, ANAPC2, ANAPC4, ANAPC5, ANAPC7, ANG, ANGEL 1, ANGEL2, ANGPT1, ANGPT2, ANGPT4, ANGPTL1, ANGPTL2, ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, ANGPTL5, ANGPTL6, ANGPTL7, ANGPTL8, ANHX, ANK1, ANK2, ANK3, ANKAR, ANKDD1A, ANKDD1B, ANKEF1, ANKFN1, ANKFY1, ANKH, ANKHD1, ANKHD1-EIF4EBP3, ANKIB1, ANKK1, ANKLE1, ANKLE2, ANKMY1, ANKMY2, ANKRA2, ANKRD 1, ANKRD 10, ANKRD 11, ANKRD 12, ANKRD 13A, ANKRD13B, ANKRD13C, ANKRD13D, ANKRD16, ANKRD17, ANKRD18A, ANKRD18B, ANKRD2, ANKRD20A1, ANKRD20A2, ANKRD20A3, ANKRD20A4, ANKRD20A8P, ANKRD22, ANKRD23, ANKRD24, ANKRD26, ANKRD27, ANKRD28, ANKRD29, ANKRD30A, ANKRD30B, ANKRD30BL, ANKRD31, ANKRD33, ANKRD33B, ANKRD34A, ANKRD34B, ANKRD34C, ANKRD35, ANKRD36, ANKRD36B, ANKRD36C, ANKRD37, ANKRD39, ANKRD40, ANKRD42, ANKRD44, ANKRD45, ANKRD46, ANKRD49, ANKRD50, ANKRD52, ANKRD53, ANKRD54, ANKRD55, ANKRD6, ANKRD60, ANKRD61, ANKRD62, ANKRD63, ANKRD65, ANKRD66, ANKRD7, ANKRD9, ANKS1A, ANKS1B, ANKS3, ANKS4B, ANKS6, ANKUB1, ANKZF1, ANLN, ANO1, ANO10, ANO2, ANO3, ANO4, ANO5, ANO6, ANO7, ANO8, ANO9, ANOS1, ANP32A, ANP32B, ANP32D, ANP32E, ANPEP, ANTXR1, ANTXR2, ANTXRL, ANXA1, ANXA10, ANXA11, ANXA13, ANXA2, ANXA2R, ANXA3, ANXA4, ANXA5, ANXA6, ANXA7, ANXA8, ANXA8L1, ANXA9, AOAH, AOC1, AOC2, AOC3, AOX1, AP000275.2, AP000295.1, AP000311.1, AP000322.1, AP000349.1, AP000350.12, AP000350.4, AP000351.3, AP000351.7, AP000721.1, AP000781.2, AP001160.5, AP001273.2, AP001458.2, AP001781.3, AP001931.1, AP002360.1, AP002373.1, AP002495.1, AP002512.3, AP002512.4, AP002748.4, AP002990.1, AP003071.5, AP003108.2, AP003419.2, AP004243.1, AP006285.3, AP1AR, AP1B1, AP1G1, AP1G2, AP1M1, AP1M2, AP1S1, AP1S2, AP1S3, AP2A1, AP2A2, AP2B1, AP2M1, AP2S1, AP3B1, AP3B2, AP3D1, AP3M1, AP3M2, AP3S1, AP3S2, AP4B1, AP4E1, AP4M1, AP4S1, AP5B1, AP5M1, AP5S1, AP5Z1, APAF1, APBA1, APBA2, APBA3, APBB1, APBB1IP, APBB2, APBB3, APC, APC2, APCDD1, APCDD1L, APCS, APEH, APELA, APEX1, APEX2, APH1A, APH1B, API5, APIP, APLF, APLN, APLNR, APLP1, APLP2, APMAP, APOA1, APOA2, APOA4, APOA5, APOB, APOBEC1, APOBEC2, APOBEC3A, APOBEC3B, APOBEC3C, APOBEC3D, APOBEC3F, APOBEC3G, APOBEC3H, APOBEC4, APOBR, APOC1, APOC2, APOC3, APOC4, APOC4-APOC2, APOD, APOE, APOF, APOH, APOL1, APOL2, APOL3, APOL4, APOL5, APOL6, APOLD1, APOM, APOO, APOOL, APOPT1, APP, APPBP2, APPL1, APPL2, APRT, APTX, AQP1, AQP10, AQP11, AQP12A, AQP12B, AQP2, AQP3, AQP4, AQP5, AQP6, AQP7, AQP8, AQP9, AQR, AR, ARAF, ARAP1, ARAP2, ARAP3, ARC, ARCN1, AREG, AREL1, ARF1, ARF3, ARF4, ARF5, ARF6, ARFGAP1, ARFGAP2, ARFGAP3, ARFGEF1, ARFGEF2, ARFGEF3, ARFIP1, ARFIP2, ARFRP1, ARG1, ARG2, ARGFX, ARGLU1, ARHGAP1, ARHGAP10, ARHGAP11A, ARHGAP11B, ARHGAP12, ARHGAP15, ARHGAP17, ARHGAP18, ARHGAP19, ARHGAP19-SLIT1, ARHGAP20, ARHGAP21, ARHGAP22, ARHGAP23, ARHGAP24, ARHGAP25, ARHGAP26, ARHGAP27, ARHGAP28, ARHGAP29, ARHGAP30, ARHGAP31, ARHGAP32, ARHGAP33, ARHGAP35, ARHGAP36, ARHGAP39, ARHGAP4, ARHGAP40, ARHGAP42, ARHGAP44, ARHGAP45, ARHGAP5, ARHGAP6, ARHGAP8, ARHGAP9, ARHGDIA, ARHGDIB, ARHGDIG, ARHGEF1, ARHGEF10, ARHGEF10L, ARHGEF11, ARHGEF12, ARHGEF15, ARHGEF16, ARHGEF17, ARHGEF18, ARHGEF19, ARHGEF2, ARHGEF25, ARHGEF26, ARHGEF28, ARHGEF3, ARHGEF33, ARHGEF35, ARHGEF37, ARHGEF38, ARHGEF39, ARHGEF4, ARHGEF40, ARHGEF5, ARHGEF6, ARHGEF7, ARHGEF9, ARID1A, ARID1B, ARID2, ARID3A, ARID3B, ARID3C, ARID4A, ARID4B, ARID5A, ARID5B, ARIH1, ARIH2, ARIH2OS, ARL1, ARL10, ARL11, ARL13A, ARL13B, ARL14, ARL14EP, ARL14EPL, ARL15, ARL16, ARL17A, ARL17B, ARL2, ARL2BP, ARL2-SNX15, ARL3, ARL4A, ARL4C, ARL4D, ARL5A, ARL5B, ARL5C, ARL6, ARL6IP1, ARL6IP4, ARL6IP5, ARL6IP6, ARL8A, ARL8B, ARL9, ARMC1, ARMC10, ARMC12, ARMC2, ARMC3, ARMC4, ARMC5, ARMC6, ARMC7, ARMC8, ARMC9, ARMCX1, ARMCX2, ARMCX3, ARMCX4, ARMCX5, ARMCX6, ARMS2, ARMT1, ARNT, ARNT2, ARNTL, ARNTL2, ARPC1A, ARPC1B, ARPC2, ARPC3, ARPC4, ARPC4-TTLL3, ARPC5, ARPC5L, ARPIN, ARPP19, ARPP21, ARR3, ARRB1, ARRB2, ARRDC1, ARRDC2, ARRDC3, ARRDC4, ARRDC5, ARSA, ARSB, ARSD, ARSE, ARSF, ARSG, ARSH, ARSI, ARSJ, ARSK, ART1, ART3, ART4, ART5, ARTN, ARV1, ARVCF, ARX, AS3MT, ASAH1, ASAH2, ASAH2B, ASAP1, ASAP2, ASAP3, ASB1, ASB10, ASB11, ASB12, ASB13, ASB14, ASB15, ASB16, ASB17, ASB18, ASB2, ASB3, ASB4, ASB5, ASB6, ASB7, ASB8, ASB9, ASCC1, ASCC2, ASCC3, ASCL1, ASCL2, ASCL3, ASCL4, ASCL5, ASF1A, ASF1B, ASGR1, ASGR2, ASH1L, ASH2L, ASIC1, ASIC2, ASIC3, ASIC4, ASIC5, ASIP, ASL, ASMT, ASMTL, ASNA1, ASNS, ASNSD1, ASPA, ASPDH, ASPG, ASPH, ASPHD1, ASPHD2, ASPM, ASPN, ASPRV1, ASPSCR1, ASRGL1, ASS1, ASTE1, ASTL, ASTN1, ASTN2, ASXL1, ASXL2, ASXL3, ASZ1, ATAD1, ATAD2, ATAD2B, ATAD3A, ATAD3B, ATAD3C, ATAD5, ATAT1, ATCAY, ATE1, ATF1, ATF2, ATF3, ATF4, ATF5, ATF6, ATF6B, ATF7, ATF7IP, ATF7IP2, ATG10, ATG101, ATG12, ATG13, ATG14, ATG16L1, ATG16L2, ATG2A, ATG2B, ATG3, ATG4A, ATG4B, ATG4C, ATG4D, ATG5, ATG7, ATG9A, ATG9B, ATIC, ATL1, ATL2, ATL3, ATM, ATMIN, ATN1, ATOH1, ATOH7, ATOH8, ATOX1, ATP10A, ATP10B, ATP10D, ATP11A, ATP11B, ATP11C, ATP12A, ATP13A1, ATP13A2, ATP13A3, ATP13A4, ATP13A5, ATP1A1, ATP1A2, ATP1A3, ATP1A4, ATP1B1, ATP1B2, ATP1B3, ATP1B4, ATP23, ATP2A1, ATP2A2, ATP2A3, ATP2B1, ATP2B2, ATP2B3, ATP2B4, ATP2C1, ATP2C2, ATP4A, ATP4B, ATP5A1, ATP5B, ATP5C1, ATP5D, ATP5E, ATP5EP2, ATP5F1, ATP5G1, ATP5G2, ATP5G3, ATP5H, ATP5I, ATP5J, ATP5J2, ATP5J2-PTCD1, ATP5L, ATP5L2, ATP5O, ATP5S, ATP6AP1, ATP6AP1L, ATP6AP2, ATP6V0A1, ATP6V0A2, ATP6V0A4, ATP6V0B, ATP6V0C, ATP6V0D1, ATP6V0D2, ATP6V0E1, ATP6V0E2, ATP6V1A, ATP6V1B1, ATP6V1B2, ATP6V1C1, ATP6V1C2, ATP6V1D, ATP6V1E1, ATP6V1E2, ATP6V1F, ATP6V1G1, ATP6V1G2, ATP6V1G2-DDX39B, ATP6V1G3, ATP6V1H, ATP7A, ATP7B, ATP8A1, ATP8A2, ATP8B1, ATP8B2, ATP8B3, ATP8B4, ATP9A, ATP9B, ATPAF1, ATPAF2, ATPIF1, ATR, ATRAID, ATRIP, ATRN, ATRNL1, ATRX, ATXN1, ATXN10, ATXN1L, ATXN2, ATXN2L, ATXN3, ATXN3L, ATXN7, ATXN7L1, ATXN7L2, ATXN7L3, ATXN7L3B, AUH, AUNIP, AUP1, AURKA, AURKAIP1, AURKB, AURKC, AUTS2, AVEN, AVIL, AVL9, AVP, AVPI1, AVPR1A, AVPR1B, AVPR2, AWAT1, AWAT2, AXDND1, AXIN1, AXIN2, AXL, AZGP1, AZI2, AZIN1, AZIN2, AZU1, B2M, B3GALNT1, B3GALNT2, B3GALT1, B3GALT2, B3GALT4, B3GALT5, B3GALT6, B3GAT1, B3GAT2, B3GAT3, B3GLCT, B3GNT2, B3GNT3, B3GNT4, B3GNT5, B3GNT6, B3GNT7, B3GNT8, B3GNT9, B3GNTL1, B4GALNT1, B4GALNT2, B4GALNT3, B4GALNT4, B4GALT1, B4GALT2, B4GALT3, B4GALT4, B4GALT5, B4GALT6, B4GALT7, B4GAT1, B9D1, B9D2, BAALC, BAAT, BABAM1, BABAM2, BACE1, BACE2, BACH1, BACH2, BAD, BAG1, BAG2, BAG3, BAG4, BAG5, BAG6, BAGE3, BAHCC1, BAHD1, BAIAP2, BAIAP2L1, BAIAP2L2, BAIAP3, BAK1, BAMBI, BANF1, BANF2, BANK1, BANP, BAP1, BARD1, BARHL1, BARHL2, BARX1, BARX2, BASP1, BATF, BATF2, BATF3, BAX, BAZ1A, BAZ1B, BAZ2A, BAZ2B, BBC3, BBIP1, BBOF1, BBOX1, BBS1, BBS10, BBS12, BBS2, BBS4, BBS5, BBS7, BBS9, BBX, BCAM, BCAN, BCAP29, BCAP31, BCAR1, BCAR3, BCAS1, BCAS2, BCAS3, BCAS4, BCAT1, BCAT2, BCCIP, BCDIN3D, BCHE, BCKDHA, BCKDHB, BCKDK, BCL10, BCL11A, BCL11B, BCL2, BCL2A1, BCL2L1, BCL2L10, BCL2L11, BCL2L12, BCL2L13, BCL2L14, BCL2L15, BCL2L2, BCL2L2-PABPN1, BCL3, BCL6, BCL6B, BCL7A, BCL7B, BCL7C, BCL9, BCL9L, BCLAF1, BCLAF3, BCO1, BCO2, BCOR, BCORL1, BCR, BCS1L, BDH1, BDH2, BDKRB1, BDKRB2, BDNF, BDP1, BEAN1, BECN1, BECN2, BEGAIN, BEND2, BEND3, BEND4, BEND5, BEND6, BEND7, BEST1, BEST2, BEST3, BEST4, BET1, BET1L, BEX1, BEX2, BEX3, BEX4, BEX5, BFAR, BFSP1, BFSP2, BGLAP, BGN, BHLHA15, BHLHA9, BHLHB9, BHLHE22, BHLHE23, BHLHE40, BHLHE41, BHMG1, BHMT, BHMT2, BICC1, BICD1, BICD2, BICDL1, BICDL2, BICRA, BICRAL, BID, BIK, BIN1, BIN2, BIN3, BIRC2, BIRC3, BIRC5, BIRC6, BIRC7, BIRC8, BIVM, BIVM-ERCC5, BLACE, BLCAP, BLID, BLK, BLM, BLMH, BLNK, BLOC1S1, BLOC1S2, BLOC1S3, BLOC1S4, BLOC1S5, BLOC1S5-TXNDC5, BLOC1S6, BLVRA, BLVRB, BLZF1, BMF, BMI1, BMP1, BMP10, BMP15, BMP2, BMP2K, BMP3, BMP4, BMP5, BMP6, BMP7, BMP8A, BMP8B, BMPER, BMPR1A, BMPR1B, BMPR2, BMS1, BMT2, BMX, BNC1, BNC2, BNIP1, BNIP2, BNIP3, BNIP3L, BNIPL, BOC, BOD1, BOD1L1, BOD1L2, BOK, BOLA1, BOLA2, BOLA2B, BOLA2-SMG1P6, BOLA3, BOLL, BOP1, BORA, BORCS5, BORCS6, BORCS7, BORCS7-ASMT, BORCS8, BORCS8-MEF2B, BPGM, BPHL, BPI, BPIFA1, BPIFA2, BPIFA3, BPIFB1, BPIFB2, BPIFB3, BPIFB4, BPIFB6, BPIFC, BPNT1, BPTF, BPY2, BPY2B, BPY2C, BRAF, BRAP, BRAT1, BRCA1, BRCA2, BRCC3, BRD1, BRD2, BRD3, BRD4, BRD7, BRD8, BRD9, BRDT, BRF1, BRF2, BRI3, BRI3BP, BRICD5, BRINP1, BRINP2, BRINP3, BRIP1, BRIX1, BRK1, BRMS1, BRMS1L, BROX, BRPF1, BRPF3, BRS3, BRSK1, BRSK2, BRWD1, BRWD3, BSCL2, BSDC1, BSG, BSN, BSND, BSPH1, BSPRY, BST1, BST2, BSX, BTAF1, BTBD1, BTBD10, BTBD11, BTBD16, BTBD17, BTBD18, BTBD19, BTBD2, BTBD3, BTBD6, BTBD7, BTBD8, BTBD9, BTC, BTD, BTF3, BTF3L4, BTG1, BTG2, BTG3, BTG4, BTK, BTLA, BTN1A1, BTN2A1, BTN2A2, BTN3A1, BTN3A2, BTN3A3, BTNL2, BTNL3, BTNL8, BTNL9, BTRC, BUB1, BUB1B, BUB1B-PAK6, BUB3, BUD13, BUD23, BUD31, BVES, BX004987.1, BX072566.1, BX088645.1, BX248244.1, BX248413.4, BX248415.1, BX248516.1, BX276092.9, BYSL, BZW1, BZW2, C10orf10, C10orf105, C10orf107, C10orf113, C10orf120, C10orf126, C10orf128, C10orf142, C10orf35, C10orf53, C10orf55, C10orf62, C10orf67, C10orf71, C10orf76, C10orf82, C10orf88, C10orf90, C10orf95, C10orf99, C11orf1, C11orf16, Cllorf21, Cllorf24, Cllorf40, Cllorf42, Cllorf45, Cllorf49, Cllorf52, Cllorf53, Cllorf54, Cllorf57, C11orf58, Cllorf63, Cllorf65, Cllorf68, Cllorf70, Cllorf71, Cllorf74, Cllorf80, Cllorf84, C11orf86, C11orf87, Cllorf88, Cllorf91, Cllorf94, Cllorf95, Cllorf96, Cllorf97, Cllorf98, C12orfl0, C12orf29, C12orf4, C12orf40, C12orf42, C12orf43, C12orf45, C12orf49, C12orf50, C12orf54, C12orf56, C12orf57, C12orf60, C12orf65, C12orf66, C12orf71, C12orf73, C12orf74, C12orf75, C12orf76, C13orf42, C14orf105, C14orf119, C14orf132, C14orf159, C14orf166, C14orf177, C14orf178, C14orf180, C14orf2, C14orf28, C14orf37, C14orf39, C14orf79, C14orf80, C14orf93, C15orf38-AP3S2, C15orf39, C15orf40, C15orf41, C15orf48, C15orf52, C15orf53, C15orf59, C15orf61, C15orf62, C15orf65, C16orf45, C16orf46, C16orf52, C16orf54, C16orf58, C16orf59, C16orf62, C16orf70, C16orf71, C16orf72, C16orf74, C16orf78, C16orf82, C16orf86, C16orf87, C16orf89, C16orf90, C16orf91, C16orf92, C16orf95, C16orf96, C17orf100, C17orf105, C17orf107, C17orf113, C17orf47, C17orf49, C17orf50, C17orf51, C17orf53, C17orf58, C17orf62, C17orf64, C17orf67, C17orf74, C17orf75, C17orf78, C17orf80, C17orf97, C17orf98, C17orf99, C18orf21, C18orf25, C18orf32, C18orf54, C18orf63, C18orf8, C19orf12, C19orf18, C19orf24, C19orf25, C19orf33, C19orf35, C19orf38, C19orf44, C19orf47, C19orf48, C19orf53, C19orf54, C19orf57, C19orf60, C19orf66, C19orf67, C19orf68, C19orf70, C19orf71, C19orf73, C19orf81, C19orf84, C1D, C1GALT1, C1GALT1C1, C1GALT1C1L, C1orf100, C1orf105, C1orf109, C1orf112, C1orf115, C1orf116, C1orf122, C1orf123, C1orf127, C1orf131, C1orf141, C1orf146, C1orf158, C1orf159, C1orf162, C1orf167, C1orf174, C1orf185, C1orf186, C1orf189, C1orf194, C1orf198, C1orf21, C1orf210, C1orf216, C1orf226, C1orf228, C1orf232, C1orf27, C1orf35, C1orf43, C1orf50, C1orf52, C1orf53, C1orf54, C1orf56, C1orf61, C1orf64, C1orf68, C1orf74, C1orf87, C1orf94, C1QA, C1QB, C1QBP, C1QC, C1QL1, C1QL2, C1QL3, C1QL4, C1QTNF1, C1QTNF12, C1QTNF2, C1QTNF3, C1QTNF3-AMACR, C1QTNF4, C1QTNF5, C1QTNF6, C1QTNF7, C1QTNF8, C1QTNF9, C1QTNF9B, C1R, C1RL, C1S, C2, C20orf141, C20orf144, C20orf173, C20orf194, C20orf196, C20orf202, C20orf204, C20orf24, C20orf27, C20orf85, C20orf96, C21orf140, C21orf2, C21orf33, C21orf58, C21orf59, C21orf62, C21orf91, C22orf15, C22orf23, C22orf31, C22orf39, C22orf42, C22orf46, C2CD2, C2CD2L, C2CD3, C2CD4A, C2CD4B, C2CD4C, C2CD4D, C2CD5, C2CD6, C2orf15, C2orf16, C2orf40, C2orf42, C2orf49, C2orf50, C2orf54, C2orf66, C2orf68, C2orf69, C2orf70, C2orf71, C2orf72, C2orf73, C2orf74, C2orf76, C2orf78, C2orf80, C2orf81, C2orf82, C2orf83, C2orf88, C2orf91, C3, C3AR1, C3orf14, C3orf18, C3orf20, C3orf22, C3orf30, C3orf33, C3orf35, C3orf36, C3orf38, C3orf49, C3orf52, C3orf56, C3orf58, C3orf62, C3orf67, C3orf70, C3orf80, C3orf84, C3orf85, C4A, C4B, C4B_2, C4BPA, C4BPB, C4orf17, C4orf19, C4orf22, C4orf26, C4orf3, C4orf32, C4orf33, C4orf36, C4orf45, C4orf46, C4orf47, C4orf48, C4orf50, C4orf51, C5, C5AR1, C5AR2, C5orf15, C5orf22, C5orf24, CSorf30, C5orf34, C5orf38, C5orf42, C5orf46, C5orf47, C5orf49, C5orf51, C5orf52, C5orf56, C5orf58, C5orf60, C5orf63, C5orf67, C6, C6orf10, C6orf106, C6orf118, C6orf120, C6orf132, C6orf136, C6orf141, C6orf15, C6orf163, C6orf201, C6orf203, C6orf222, C6orf223, C6orf226, C6orf229, C6orf47, C6orf48, C6orf52, C6orf58, C6orf62, C6orf89, C7, C7orf25, C7orf26, C7orf31, C7orf33, C7orf34, C7orf43, C7orf49, C7orf50, C7orf55-LUC7L2, C7orf57, C7orf61, C7orf72, C7orf73, C7orf77, C8A, C8B, C8G, C8orf22, C8orf33, C8orf34, C8orf37, C8orf4, C8orf44, C8orf44-SGK3, C8orf46, C8orf48, C8orf58, C8orf59, C8orf74, C8orf76, C8orf82, C8orf86, C8orf88, C8orf89, C9, C9orf116, C9orf129, C9orf131, C9orf135, C9orf152, C9orf153, C9orf16, C9orf172, C9orf24, C9orf3, C9orf40, C9orf43, C9orf47, C9orf50, C9orf57, C9orf64, C9orf66, C9orf72, C9orf78, C9orf84, C9orf85, C9orf92, CA1, CA10, CA11, CA12, CA13, CA14, CA2, CA3, CA4, CA5A, CA5B, CA6, CA7, CA8, CA9, CAAP1, CAB39, CAB39L, CABIN1, CABLES1, CABLES2, CABP1, CABP2, CABP4, CABP5, CABP7, CABS1, CABYR, CACFD1, CACHD1, CACNA1A, CACNA1B, CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1E, CACNA1F, CACNA1G, CACNA1H, CACNA1I, CACNA1S, CACNA2D1, CACNA2D2, CACNA2D3, CACNA2D4, CACNB1, CACNB2, CACNB3, CACNB4, CACNG1, CACNG2, CACNG3, CACNG4, CACNG5, CACNG6, CACNG7, CACNG8, CACTIN, CACUL1, CACYBP, CAD, CADM1, CADM2, CADM3, CADM4, CADPS, CADPS2, CAGE1, CALB1, CALB2, CALCA, CALCB, CALCOCO1, CALCOCO2, CALCR, CALCRL, CALD1, CALHM1, CALHM2, CALHM3, CALM1, CALM2, CALM3, CALML3, CALML4, CALML5, CALML6, CALN1, CALR, CALR3, CALU, CALY, CAMK1, CAMK1D, CAMK1G, CAMK2A, CAMK2B, CAMK2D, CAMK2G, CAMK2N1, CAMK2N2, CAMK4, CAMKK1, CAMKK2, CAMKMT, CAMKV, CAMLG, CAMP, CAMSAP1, CAMSAP2, CAMSAP3, CAMTA1, CAMTA2, CAND1, CAND2, CANT1, CANX, CAP1, CAP2, CAPG, CAPN1, CAPN10, CAPN11, CAPN12, CAPN13, CAPN14, CAPN15, CAPN2, CAPN3, CAPN5, CAPN6, CAPN7, CAPN8, CAPN9, CAPNS1, CAPNS2, CAPRIN1, CAPRIN2, CAPS, CAPS2, CAPSL, CAPZA1, CAPZA2, CAPZA3, CAPZB, CARD10, CARD11, CARD14, CARD16, CARD17, CARD18, CARD19, CARD6, CARD8, CARD9, CARF, CARHSP1, CARM1, CARMIL1, CARMIL2, CARMIL3, CARNMT1, CARNS1, CARS, CARS2, CARTPT, CASC1, CASC10, CASC3, CASC4, CASD1, CASK, CASKIN1, CASKIN2, CASP1, CASP10, CASP12, CASP14, CASP2, CASP3, CASP4, CASP5, CASP6, CASP7, CASP8, CASP8AP2, CASP9, CASQ1, CASQ2, CASR, CASS4, CAST, CASTOR1, CASTOR2, CASZ1, CAT, CATIP, CATSPER1, CATSPER2, CATSPER3, CATSPER4, CATSPERB, CATSPERD, CATSPERE, CATSPERG, CATSPERZ, CAV1, CAV2, CAV3, CAVIN1, CAVIN2, CAVIN3, CAVIN4, CBARP, CBFA2T2, CBFA2T3, CBFB, CBL, CBLB, CBLC, CBLL1, CBLN1, CBLN2, CBLN3, CBLN4, CBR1, CBR3, CBR4, CBS, CBSL, CBWD1, CBWD2, CBWD3, CBWD5, CBWD6, CBX1, CBX2, CBX3, CBX4, CBX5, CBX6, CBX7, CBX8, CBY1, CBY3, CC2D1A, CC2D1B, CC2D2A, CC2D2B, CCAR1, CCAR2, CCBE1, CCDC102A, CCDC102B, CCDC103, CCDC105, CCDC106, CCDC107, CCDC110, CCDC112, CCDC113, CCDC114, CCDC115, CCDC116, CCDC117, CCDC12, CCDC120, CCDC121, CCDC122, CCDC124, CCDC125, CCDC126, CCDC127, CCDC129, CCDC13, CCDC130, CCDC134, CCDC136, CCDC137, CCDC138, CCDC14, CCDC140, CCDC141, CCDC142, CCDC144A, CCDC144NL, CCDC146, CCDC148, CCDC149, CCDC15, CCDC150, CCDC151, CCDC152, CCDC153, CCDC154, CCDC155, CCDC157, CCDC158, CCDC159, CCDC160, CCDC163, CCDC166, CCDC167, CCDC168, CCDC169, CCDC169-SOHLH2, CCDC17, CCDC170, CCDC171, CCDC172, CCDC173, CCDC174, CCDC175, CCDC177, CCDC178, CCDC179, CCDC18, CCDC180, CCDC181, CCDC182, CCDC183, CCDC184, CCDC185, CCDC186, CCDC187, CCDC188, CCDC189, CCDC190, CCDC191, CCDC192, CCDC194, CCDC195, CCDC196, CCDC197, CCDC22, CCDC24, CCDC25, CCDC27, CCDC28A, CCDC28B, CCDC3, CCDC30, CCDC32, CCDC33, CCDC34, CCDC36, CCDC38, CCDC39, CCDC40, CCDC42, CCDC43, CCDC47, CCDC50, CCDC51, CCDC54, CCDC57, CCDC58, CCDC59, CCDC6, CCDC60, CCDC61, CCDC62, CCDC63, CCDC65, CCDC66, CCDC68, CCDC69, CCDC7, CCDC70, CCDC71, CCDC71L, CCDC73, CCDC74A, CCDC74B, CCDC77, CCDC78, CCDC8, CCDC80, CCDC81, CCDC82, CCDC83, CCDC84, CCDC85A, CCDC85B, CCDC85C, CCDC86, CCDC87, CCDC88A, CCDC88B, CCDC88C, CCDC89, CCDC9, CCDC90B, CCDC91, CCDC92, CCDC93, CCDC94, CCDC96, CCDC97, CCER1, CCER2, CCHCR1, CCIN, CCK, CCKAR, CCKBR, CCL1, CCL11, CCL13, CCL14, CCL15, CCL15-CCL14, CCL16, CCL17, CCL18, CCL19, CCL2, CCL20, CCL21, CCL22, CCL23, CCL24, CCL25, CCL26, CCL27, CCL28, CCL3, CCL3L1, CCL3L3, CCL4, CCL4L2, CCL5, CCL7, CCL8, CCM2, CCM2L, CCNA1, CCNA2, CCNB1, CCNB1IP1, CCNB2, CCNB3, CCNC, CCND1, CCND2, CCND3, CCNDBP1, CCNE1, CCNE2, CCNF, CCNG1, CCNG2, CCNH, CCNI, CCNI2, CCNJ, CCNJL, CCNK, CCNL1, CCNL2, CCNO, CCNT1, CCNT2, CCNY, CCNYL1, CCP110, CCPG1, CCR1, CCR10, CCR2, CCR3, CCR4, CCR5, CCR6, CCR7, CCR8, CCR9, CCRL2, CCS, CCSAP, CCSER1, CCSER2, CCT2, CCT3, CCT4, CCT5, CCT6A, CCT6B, CCT7, CCT8, CCT8L2, CCZ1, CCZ1B, CD101, CD109, CD14, CD151, CD160, CD163, CD163L1, CD164, CD164L2, CD177, CD180, CD19, CD1A, CD1B, CD1C, CD1D, CD1E, CD2, CD200, CD200R1, CD200R1L, CD207, CD209, CD22, CD226, CD24, CD244, CD247, CD248, CD27, CD274, CD276, CD28, CD2AP, CD2BP2, CD300A, CD300C, CD300E, CD300LB, CD300LD, CD300LF, CD300LG, CD302, CD320, CD33, CD34, CD36, CD37, CD38, CD3D, CD3E, CD3EAP, CD3G, CD4, CD40, CD40LG, CD44, CD46, CD47, CD48, CD5, CD52, CD53, CD55, CD58, CD59, CD5L, CD6, CD63, CD68, CD69, CD7, CD70, CD72, CD74, CD79A, CD79B, CD80, CD81, CD82, CD83, CD84, CD86, CD8A, CD8B, CD9, CD93, CD96, CD99, CD99L2, CDA, CDADC1, CDAN1, CDC123, CDC14A, CDC14B, CDC16, CDC20, CDC20B, CDC23, CDC25A, CDC25B, CDC25C, CDC26, CDC27, CDC34, CDC37, CDC37L1, CDC40, CDC42, CDC42BPA, CDC42BPB, CDC42BPG, CDC42EP1, CDC42EP2, CDC42EP3, CDC42EP4, CDC42EP5, CDC42SE1, CDC42SE2, CDC45, CDC5L, CDC6, CDC7, CDC73, CDCA2, CDCA3, CDCA4, CDCA5, CDCA7, CDCA7L, CDCA8, CDCP1, CDCP2, CDH1, CDH10, CDH11, CDH12, CDH13, CDH15, CDH16, CDH17, CDH18, CDH19, CDH2, CDH20, CDH22, CDH23, CDH24, CDH26, CDH3, CDH4, CDH5, CDH6, CDH7, CDH8, CDH9, CDHR1, CDHR2, CDHR3, CDHR4, CDHR5, CDIP1, CDIPT, CDK1, CDK10, CDK11A, CDK11B, CDK12, CDK13, CDK14, CDK15, CDK16, CDK17, CDK18, CDK19, CDK2, CDK20, CDK2AP1, CDK2AP2, CDK3, CDK4, CDK5, CDK5R1, CDK5R2, CDK5RAP1, CDK5RAP2, CDK5RAP3, CDK6, CDK7, CDK8, CDK9, CDKAL1, CDKL1, CDKL2, CDKL3, CDKL4, CDKL5, CDKN1A, CDKN1B, CDKN1C, CDKN2A, CDKN2AIP, CDKN2AIPNL, CDKN2B, CDKN2C, CDKN2D, CDKN3, CDNF, CDO1, CDON, CDPF1, CDR1, CDR2, CDR2L, CDRT1, CDRT15, CDRT15L2, CDRT4, CDS1, CDS2, CDSN, CDT1, CDV3, CDX1, CDX2, CDX4, CDY1, CDY1B, CDY2A, CDY2B, CDYL, CDYL2, CEACAM1, CEACAM16, CEACAM19, CEACAM20, CEACAM21, CEACAM3, CEACAM4, CEACAM5, CEACAM6, CEACAM7, CEACAM8, CEBPA, CEBPB, CEBPD, CEBPE, CEBPG, CEBPZ, CEBPZOS, CECR2, CEL, CELA1, CELA2A, CELA2B, CELA3A, CELA3B, CELF1, CELF2, CELF3, CELF4, CELF5, CELF6, CELSR1, CELSR2, CELSR3, CEMIP, CEMP1, CEND1, CENPA, CENPB, CENPBD1, CENPC, CENPE, CENPF, CENPH, CENPI, CENPJ, CENPK, CENPL, CENPM, CENPN, CENPO, CENPP, CENPQ, CENPS, CENPS-CORT, CENPT, CENPU, CENPV, CENPVL1, CENPVL2, CENPVL3, CENPW, CENPX, CEP104, CEP112, CEP120, CEP126, CEP128, CEP131, CEP135, CEP152, CEP162, CEP164, CEP170, CEP170B, CEP19, CEP192, CEP250, CEP290, CEP295, CEP295NL, CEP350, CEP41, CEP44, CEP55, CEP57, CEP57L1, CEP63, CEP68, CEP70, CEP72, CEP76, CEP78, CEP83, CEP85, CEP85L, CEP89, CEP95, CEP97, CEPT1, CER1, CERCAM, CERK, CERKL, CERS1, CERS2, CERS3, CERS4, CERS5, CERS6, CES1, CES2, CES3, CES4A, CES5A, CETN1, CETN2, CETN3, CETP, CFAP100, CFAP126, CFAP157, CFAP161, CFAP20, CFAP206, CFAP221, CFAP36, CFAP43, CFAP44, CFAP45, CFAP46, CFAP47, CFAP52, CFAP53, CFAP54, CFAP57, CFAP58, CFAP61, CFAP65, CFAP69, CFAP70, CFAP73, CFAP74, CFAP77, CFAP97, CFAP99, CFB, CFC1, CFC1B, CFD, CFDP1, CFH, CFHR1, CFHR2, CFHR3, CFHR4, CFHR5, CFI, CFL1, CFL2, CFLAR, CFP, CFTR, CGA, CGB1, CGB2, CGB3, CGB5, CGB7, CGB8, CGGBP1, CGN, CGNL1, CGREF1, CGRRF1, CH25H, CHAC1, CHAC2, CHAD, CHADL, CHAF1A, CHAF1B, CHAMP1, CHAT, CHCHD1, CHCHD10, CHCHD2, CHCHD3, CHCHD4, CHCHD5, CHCHD6, CHCHD7, CHD1, CHD1L, CHD2, CHD3, CHD4, CHD5, CHD6, CHD7, CHD8, CHD9, CHDH, CHEK1, CHEK2, CHERP, CHFR, CHGA, CHGB, CHI3L1, CHI3L2, CHIA, CHIC1, CHIC2, CHID1, CHIT1, CHKA, CHKB, CHKB-CPT1B, CHL1, CHM, CHML, CHMP1A, CHMP1B, CHMP2A, CHMP2B, CHMP3, CHMP4A, CHMP4B, CHMP4C, CHMP5, CHMP6, CHMP7, CHN1, CHN2, CHODL, CHORDC1, CHP1, CHP2, CHPF, CHPF2, CHPT1, CHRAC1, CHRD, CHRDL1, CHRDL2, CHRFAM7A, CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5, CHRNA1, CHRNA10, CHRNA2, CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNA5, CHRNA6, CHRNA7, CHRNA9, CHRNB1, CHRNB2, CHRNB3, CHRNB4, CHRND, CHRNE, CHRNG, CHST1, CHST10, CHST11, CHST12, CHST13, CHST14, CHST15, CHST2, CHST3, CHST4, CHST5, CHST6, CHST7, CHST8, CHST9, CHSY1, CHSY3, CHTF18, CHTF8, CHTOP, CHUK, CHURC1, CHURC1-FNTB, CIAO1, CIAPIN1, CIART, CIB1, CIB2, CIB3, CIB4, CIC, CIDEA, CIDEB, CIDEC, CIITA, CILP, CILP2, CINP, CIPC, CIR1, CIRBP, CISD1, CISD2, CISD3, CISH, CIT, CITED 1, CITED2, CITED4, CIZ1, CKAP2, CKAP2L, CKAP4, CKAP5, CKB, CKLF, CKLF-CMTM1, CKM, CKMT1A, CKMT1B, CKMT2, CKS1B, CKS2, CLASP1, CLASP2, CLASRP, CLC, CLCA1, CLCA2, CLCA4, CLCC1, CLCF1, CLCN1, CLCN2, CLCN3, CLCN4, CLCN5, CLCN6, CLCN7, CLCNKA, CLCNKB, CLDN1, CLDN10, CLDN11, CLDN12, CLDN14, CLDN15, CLDN16, CLDN17, CLDN18, CLDN19, CLDN2, CLDN20, CLDN22, CLDN23, CLDN24, CLDN25, CLDN3, CLDN34, CLDN4, CLDN5, CLDN6, CLDN7, CLDN8, CLDN9, CLDND1, CLDND2, CLEC10A, CLEC11A, CLEC12A, CLEC12B, CLEC14A, CLEC16A, CLEC17A, CLEC18A, CLEC18B, CLEC18C, CLEC19A, CLEC1A, CLEC1B, CLEC20A, CLEC2A, CLEC2B, CLEC2D, CLEC2L, CLEC3A, CLEC3B, CLEC4A, CLEC4C, CLEC4D, CLEC4E, CLEC4F, CLEC4G, CLEC4M, CLEC5A, CLEC6A, CLEC7A, CLEC9A, CLECL1, CLGN, CLHC1, CLIC1, CLIC2, CLIC3, CLIC4, CLIC5, CLIC6, CLINT1, CLIP1, CLIP2, CLIP3, CLIP4, CLK1, CLK2, CLK3, CLK4, CLLU1, CLLU1OS, CLMN, CLMP, CLN3, CLN5, CLN6, CLN8, CLNK, CLNS1A, CLOCK, CLP1, CLPB, CLPP, CLPS, CLPSL1, CLPSL2, CLPTM1, CLPTM1L, CLPX, CLRN1, CLRN2, CLRN3, CLSPN, CLSTN1, CLSTN2, CLSTN3, CLTA, CLTB, CLTC, CLTCL1, CLU, CLUAP1, CLUH, CLUL1, CLVS1, CLVS2, CLYBL, CMA1, CMAS, CMBL, CMC1, CMC2, CMC4, CMIP, CMKLR1, CMPK1, CMPK2, CMSS1, CMTM1, CMTM2, CMTM3, CMTM4, CMTM5, CMTM6, CMTM7, CMTM8, CMTR1, CMTR2, CMYA5, CNBD1, CNBD2, CNBP, CNDP1, CNDP2, CNEP1R1, CNFN, CNGA1, CNGA2, CNGA3, CNGA4, CNGB1, CNGB3, CNIH1, CNIH2, CNIH3, CNIH4, CNKSR1, CNKSR2, CNKSR3, CNMD, CNN1, CNN2, CNN3, CNNM1, CNNM2, CNNM3, CNNM4, CNOT1, CNOT10, CNOT11, CNOT2, CNOT3, CNOT4, CNOT6, CNOT6L, CNOT7, CNOT8, CNOT9, CNP, CNPPD1, CNPY1, CNPY2, CNPY3, CNPY4, CNR1, CNR2, CNRIP1, CNST, CNTD1, CNTD2, CNTF, CNTFR, CNTLN, CNTN1, CNTN2, CNTN3, CNTN4, CNTN5, CNTN6, CNTNAP1, CNTNAP2, CNTNAP3, CNTNAP3B, CNTNAP4, CNTNAP5, CNTRL, CNTROB, COA1, COA3, COA4, COA5, COA6, COA7, COASY, COBL, COBLL1, COCH, COG1, COG2, COG3, COG4, COG5, COG6, COG7, COG8, COIL, COL10A1, COL11A1, COL11A2, COL12A1, COL13A1, COL14A1, COL15A1, COL16A1, COL17A1, COL18A1, COL19A1, COL1A1, COL1A2, COL20A1, COL21A1, COL22A1, COL23A1, COL24A1, COL25A1, COL26A1, COL27A1, COL28A1, COL2A1, COL3A1, COL4A1, COL4A2, COL4A3, COL4A3BP, COL4A4, COL4A5, COL4A6, COL5A1, COL5A2, COL5A3, COL6A1, COL6A2, COL6A3, COL6A5, COL6A6, COL7A1, COL8A1, COL8A2, COL9A1, COL9A2, COL9A3, COLCA2, COLEC10, COLEC11, COLEC12, COLGALT1, COLGALT2, COLQ, COMMD1, COMMD10, COMMD2, COMMD3, COMMD3-BMI1, COMMD4, COMMD5, COMMD6, COMMD7, COMMD8, COMMD9, COMP, COMT, COMTD1, COPA, COPB1, COPB2, COPE, COPG1, COPG2, COPRS, COPS2, COPS3, COPS4, COPS5, COPS6, COPS7A, COPS7B, COPS8, COPS9, COPZ1, COPZ2, COQ10A, COQ10B, COQ2, COQ3, COQ4, COQ5, COQ6, COQ7, COQ8A, COQ8B, COQ9, CORIN, CORO1A, CORO1B, CORO1C, CORO2A, CORO2B, CORO6, CORO7, CORO7-PAM16, CORT, COTL1, COX10, COX11, COX14, COX15, COX16, COX17, COX18, COX19, COX20, COX4I1, COX4I2, COX5A, COX5B, COX6A1, COX6A2, COX6B1, COX6B2, COX6C, COX7A1, COX7A2, COX7A2L, COX7B, COX7B2, COX7C, COX8A, COX8C, CP, CPA1, CPA2, CPA3, CPA4, CPA5, CPA6, CPAMD8, CPB1, CPB2, CPD, CPE, CPEB1, CPEB2, CPEB3, CPEB4, CPED1, CPLX1, CPLX2, CPLX3, CPLX4, CPM, CPN1, CPN2, CPNE1, CPNE2, CPNE3, CPNE4, CPNE5, CPNE6, CPNE7, CPNE8, CPNE9, CPO, CPOX, CPPED1, CPQ, CPS1, CPSF1, CPSF2, CPSF3, CPSF4, CPSF4L, CPSF6, CPSF7, CPT1A, CPT1B, CPT1C, CPT2, CPTP, CPVL, CPXCR1, CPXM1, CPXM2, CPZ, CR1, CR1L, CR2, CR354443.1, CR354443.2, CR388407.3, CR547123.3, CR753842.1, CR753845.2, CR759815.2, CR788250.1, CR847794.2, CR854858.1, CR933783.3, CR936239.1, CRABP1, CRABP2, CRACR2A, CRACR2B, CRADD, CRAMP1, CRAT, CRB1, CRB2, CRB3, CRBN, CRCP, CRCT1, CREB1, CREB3, CREB3L1, CREB3L2, CREB3L3, CREB3L4, CREB5, CREBBP, CREBL2, CREBRF, CREBZF, CREG1, CREG2, CRELD1, CRELD2, CREM, CRH, CRHBP, CRHR1, CRHR2, CRIM1, CRIP1, CRIP2, CRIP3, CRIPT, CRISP1, CRISP2, CRISP3, CRISPLD1, CRISPLD2, CRK, CRKL, CRLF1, CRLF2, CRLF3, CRLS1, CRMP1, CRNKL1, CRNN, CROCC, CROCC2, CROT, CRP, CRTAC1, CRTAM, CRTAP, CRTC1, CRTC2, CRTC3, CRX, CRY1, CRY2, CRYAA, CRYAB, CRYBA1, CRYBA2, CRYBA4, CRYBB1, CRYBB2, CRYBB3, CRYBG1, CRYBG2, CRYBG3, CRYGA, CRYGB, CRYGC, CRYGD, CRYGN, CRYGS, CRYL1, CRYM, CRYZ, CRYZL1, CS, CSAD, CSAG1, CSAG2, CSAG3, CSDC2, CSDE1, CSE1L, CSF1, CSF1R, CSF2, CSF2RA, CSF2RB, CSF3, CSF3R, CSGALNACT1, CSGALNACT2, CSH1, CSH2, CSHL1, CSK, CSMD1, CSMD2, CSMD3, CSN1S1, CSN2, CSN3, CSNK1A1, CSNK1A1L, CSNK1D, CSNK1E, CSNK1G1, CSNK1G2, CSNK1G3, CSNK2A1, CSNK2A2, CSNK2A3, CSNK2B, CSPG4, CSPG5, CSPP1, CSRNP1, CSRNP2, CSRNP3, CSRP1, CSRP2, CSRP3, CST1, CST11, CST2, CST3, CST4, CST5, CST6, CST7, CST8, CST9, CST9L, CSTA, CSTB, CSTF1, CSTF2, CSTF2T, CSTF3, CSTL1, CT45A1, CT45A10, CT45A2, CT45A3, CT45A5, CT45A6, CT45A7, CT45A8, CT45A9, CT476828.1, CT476828.10, CT476828.11, CT476828.12, CT476828.13, CT476828.14, CT476828.15, CT476828.16, CT476828.17, CT476828.18, CT476828.19, CT476828.2, CT476828.20, CT476828.21, CT476828.22, CT476828.3, CT476828.4, CT476828.5, CT476828.6, CT476828.7, CT476828.8, CT476828.9, CT47A1, CT47A10, CT47A11, CT47A12, CT47A2, CT47A3, CT47A4, CT47A5, CT47A6, CT47A7, CT47A8, CT47A9, CT47B1, CT55, CT62, CT83, CTAG1A, CTAG1B, CTAG2, CTAGE1, CTAGE15, CTAGE4, CTAGE5, CTAGE6, CTAGE8, CTAGE9, CTBP1, CTBP2, CTBS, CTC1, CTCF, CTCFL, CTDNEP1, CTDP1, CTDSP1, CTDSP2, CTDSPL, CTDSPL2, CTF1, CTGF, CTH, CTHRC1, CTIF, CTLA4, CTNNA1, CTNNA2, CTNNA3, CTNNAL1, CTNNB1, CTNNBIP1, CTNNBL1, CTNND1, CTNND2, CTNS, CTPS1, CTPS2, CTR9, CTRB1, CTRB2, CTRC, CTRL, CTSA, CTSB, CTSC, CTSD, CTSE, CTSF, CTSG, CTSH, CTSK, CTSL, CTSO, CTSS, CTSV, CTSW, CTSZ, CTTN, CTTNBP2, CTTNBP2NL, CTU1, CTU2, CTXN1, CTXN2, CTXN3, CTXND1, CU464060.1, CU633846.1, CU633980.1, CU633980.2, CU639417.1, CU639417.2, CUBN, CUEDC1, CUEDC2, CUL1, CUL2, CUL3, CUL4A, CUL4B, CUL5, CUL7, CUL9, CUTA, CUTC, CUX1, CUX2, CUZD1, CWC15, CWC22, CWC25, CWC27, CWF19L1, CWF19L2, CWH43, CX3CL1, CX3CR1, CXADR, CXCL1, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL12, CXCL13, CXCL14, CXCL16, CXCL17, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL5, CXCL6, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR5, CXCR6, CXorf21, CXorf36, CXorf38, CXorf40A, CXorf40B, CXorf49, CXorf49B, CXorf51A, CXorf51B, CXorf56, CXorf57, CXorf58, CXorf65, CXorf66, CXorf67, CXXC1, CXXC4, CXXC5, CYB561, CYB561A3, CYB561D1, CYB561D2, CYB5A, CYB5B, CYB5D1, CYB5D2, CYB5R1, CYB5R2, CYB5R3, CYB5R4, CYB5RL, CYBA, CYBB, CYBRD1, CYC1, CYCS, CYFIP1, CYFIP2, CYGB, CYHR1, CYLC1, CYLC2, CYLD, CYP11A1, CYP11B1, CYP11B2, CYP17A1, CYP19A1, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP20A1, CYP21A2, CYP24A1, CYP26A1, CYP26B1, CYP26C1, CYP27A1, CYP27B1, CYP27C1, CYP2A13, CYP2A6, CYP2A7, CYP2B6, CYP2C18, CYP2C19, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP2D7, CYP2E1, CYP2F1, CYP2J2, CYP2R1, CYP2S1, CYP2U1, CYP2W1, CYP39A1, CYP3A4, CYP3A43, CYP3A5, CYP3A7, CYP3A7-CYP3A51P, CYP46A1, CYP4A11, CYP4A22, CYP4B1, CYP4F11, CYP4F12, CYP4F2, CYP4F22, CYP4F3, CYP4F8, CYP4V2, CYP4X1, CYP4Z1, CYP51A1, CYP7A1, CYP7B1, CYP8B1, CYR61, CYS1, CYSLTR1, CYSLTR2, CYSRT1, CYSTM1, CYTH1, CYTH2, CYTH3, CYTH4, CYTIP, CYTL1, CYYR1, D2HGDH, DAAM1, DAAM2, DAB1, DAB2, DAB2IP, DACH1, DACH2, DACT1, DACT2, DACT3, DAD1, DAG1, DAGLA, DAGLB, DALRD3, DAND5, DAO, DAOA, DAP, DAP3, DAPK1, DAPK2, DAPK3, DAPL1, DAPP1, DARS, DARS2, DAW1, DAXX, DAZ1, DAZ2, DAZ3, DAZ4, DAZAP1, DAZAP2, DAZL, DBF4, DBF4B, DBH, DBI, DBN1, DBNDD1, DBNDD2, DBNL, DBP, DBR1, DBT, DBX1, DBX2, DCAF1, DCAF10, DCAF11, DCAF12, DCAF12L1, DCAF12L2, DCAF13, DCAF15, DCAF16, DCAF17, DCAF4, DCAF4L1, DCAF4L2, DCAF5, DCAF6, DCAF7, DCAF8, DCAF8L1, DCAF8L2, DCAKD, DCANP1, DCBLD1, DCBLD2, DCC, DCD, DCDC1, DCDC2, DCDC2B, DCDC2C, DCHS1, DCHS2, DCK, DCLK1, DCLK2, DCLK3, DCLRE1A, DCLRE1B, DCLRE1C, DCN, DCP1A, DCP1B, DCP2, DCPS, DCST1, DCST2, DCSTAMP, DCT, DCTD, DCTN1, DCTN2, DCTN3, DCTN4, DCTN5, DCTN6, DCTPP1, DCUN1D1, DCUN1D2, DCUN1D3, DCUN1D4, DCUN1D5, DCX, DCXR, DDA1, DDAH1, DDAH2, DDB1, DDB2, DDC, DDHD1, DDHD2, DDI1, DDI2, DDIAS, DDIT3, DDIT4, DDIT4L, DDN, DDO, DDOST, DDR1, DDR2, DDRGK1, DDT, DDTL, DDX1, DDX10, DDX11, DDX17, DDX18, DDX19A, DDX19B, DDX20, DDX21, DDX23, DDX24, DDX25, DDX27, DDX28, DDX31, DDX39A, DDX39B, DDX3X, DDX3Y, DDX4, DDX41, DDX42, DDX43, DDX46, DDX47, DDX49, DDX5, DDX50, DDX51, DDX52, DDX53, DDX54, DDX55, DDX56, DDX58, DDX59, DDX6, DDX60, DDX60L, DEAF1, DEC1, DECR1, DECR2, DEDD, DEDD2, DEF6, DEF8, DEFA1, DEFA1B, DEFA3, DEFA4, DEFA5, DEFA6, DEFB1, DEFB103A, DEFB103B, DEFB104A, DEFB104B, DEFB105A, DEFB105B, DEFB106A, DEFB106B, DEFB107A, DEFB107B, DEFB108B, DEFB110, DEFB112, DEFB113, DEFB114, DEFB115, DEFB116, DEFB118, DEFB119, DEFB121, DEFB123, DEFB124, DEFB125, DEFB126, DEFB127, DEFB128, DEFB129, DEFB130A, DEFB130B, DEFB131A, DEFB131B, DEFB132, DEFB133, DEFB134, DEFB135, DEFB136, DEFB4A, DEFB4B, DEGS1, DEGS2, DEK, DENND1A, DENND1B, DENND1C, DENND2A, DENND2C, DENND2D, DENND3, DENND4A, DENND4B, DENND4C, DENND5A, DENND5B, DENND6A, DENND6B, DENR, DEPDC1, DEPDC1B, DEPDC4, DEPDC5, DEPDC7, DEPTOR, DERA, DERL1, DERL2, DERL3, DES, DESI1, DESI2, DET1, DEUP1, DEXI, DFFA, DFFB, DFNA5, DFNB59, DGAT1, DGAT2, DGAT2L6, DGCR2, DGCR6, DGCR6L, DGCR8, DGKA, DGKB, DGKD, DGKE, DGKG, DGKH, DGKI, DGKK, DGKQ, DGKZ, DGUOK, DHCR24, DHCR7, DHDDS, DHDH, DHFR, DHFR2, DHH, DHODH, DHPS, DHRS1, DHRS11, DHRS12, DHRS13, DHRS2, DHRS3, DHRS4, DHRS4L2, DHRS7, DHRS7B, DHRS7C, DHRS9, DHRSX, DHTKD1, DHX15, DHX16, DHX29, DHX30, DHX32, DHX33, DHX34, DHX35, DHX36, DHX37, DHX38, DHX40, DHX57, DHX58, DHX8, DHX9, DIABLO, DIAPH1, DIAPH2, DIAPH3, DICER1, DIDO1, DIEXF, DIMT1, DIO1, DIO2, DIO3, DIP2A, DIP2B, DIP2C, DIRAS1, DIRAS2, DIRAS3, DIRC1, DIRC2, DIRC3, DIS3, DIS3L, DIS3L2, DISC1, DISP1, DISP2, DISP3, DIXDC1, DKC1, DKK1, DKK2, DKK3, DKK4, DKKL1, DLAT, DLC1, DLD, DLEC1, DLEU7, DLG1, DLG2, DLG3, DLG4, DLG5, DLGAP1, DLGAP2, DLGAP3, DLGAP4, DLGAP5, DLK1, DLK2, DLL1, DLL3, DLL4, DLST, DLX1, DLX2, DLX3, DLX4, DLX5, DLX6, DMAC1, DMAC2, DMAP1, DMBT1, DMBX1, DMC1, DMD, DMGDH, DMKN, DMP1, DMPK, DMRT1, DMRT2, DMRT3, DMRTA1, DMRTA2, DMRTB1, DMRTC1, DMRTC1B, DMRTC2, DMTF1, DMTN, DMWD, DMXL1, DMXL2, DNA2, DNAAF1, DNAAF2, DNAAF3, DNAAF4, DNAAF5, DNAH1, DNAH10, DNAH10OS, DNAH11, DNAH12, DNAH14, DNAH17, DNAH2, DNAH3, DNAH5, DNAH6, DNAH7, DNAH8, DNAH9, DNAI1, DNAI2, DNAJA1, DNAJA2, DNAJA3, DNAJA4, DNAJB1, DNAJB11, DNAJB12, DNAJB13, DNAJB14, DNAJB2, DNAJB4, DNAJB5, DNAJB6, DNAJB7, DNAJB8, DNAJB9, DNAJC1, DNAJC10, DNAJC11, DNAJC12, DNAJC13, DNAJC14, DNAJC15, DNAJC16, DNAJC17, DNAJC18, DNAJC19, DNAJC2, DNAJC21, DNAJC22, DNAJC24, DNAJC25, DNAJC25-GNG10, DNAJC27, DNAJC28, DNAJC3, DNAJC30, DNAJC4, DNAJC5, DNAJC5B, DNAJC5G, DNAJC6, DNAJC7, DNAJC8, DNAJC9, DNAL1, DNAL4, DNALI1, DNASE1, DNASE1L1, DNASE1L2, DNASE1L3, DNASE2, DNASE2B, DND1, DNER, DNHD1, DNLZ, DNM1, DNM1L, DNM2, DNM3, DNMBP, DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, DNMT3L, DNPEP, DNPH1, DNTT, DNTTIP1, DNTTIP2, DOC2A, DOC2B, DOCK1, DOCK10, DOCK11, DOCK2, DOCK3, DOCK4, DOCK5, DOCK6, DOCK7, DOCK8, DOCK9, DOHH, DOK1, DOK2, DOK3, DOK4, DOK5, DOK6, DOK7, DOLK, DOLPP1, DONSON, DOPEY1, DOPEY2, DOT1L, DPAGT1, DPCD, DPCR1, DPEP1, DPEP2, DPEP3, DPF1, DPF2, DPF3, DPH1, DPH2, DPH3, DPH5, DPH6, DPH7, DPM1, DPM2, DPM3, DPP10, DPP3, DPP4, DPP6, DPP7, DPP8, DPP9, DPPA2, DPPA3, DPPA4, DPPA5, DPRX, DPT, DPY19L1, DPY19L2, DPY19L3, DPY19L4, DPY30, DPYD, DPYS, DPYSL2, DPYSL3, DPYSL4, DPYSL5, DQX1, DR1, DRAM1, DRAM2, DRAP1, DRAXIN, DRC1, DRC3, DRC7, DRD1, DRD2, DRD3, DRD4, DRD5, DRG1, DRG2, DRGX, DRICH1, DROSHA, DRP2, DSC1, DSC2, DSC3, DSCAM, DSCAML1, DSCC1, DSCR3, DSCR4, DSCR8, DSE, DSEL, DSG1, DSG2, DSG3, DSG4, DSN1, DSP, DSPP, DST, DSTN, DSTYK, DTD1, DTD2, DTHD1, DTL, DTNA, DTNB, DTNBP1, DTWD1, DTWD2, DTX1, DTX2, DTX3, DTX3L, DTX4, DTYMK, DUOX1, DUOX2, DUOXA1, DUOXA2, DUPD1, DUS1L, DUS2, DUS3L, DUS4L, DUSP1, DUSP10, DUSP11, DUSP12, DUSP13, DUSP14, DUSP15, DUSP16, DUSP18, DUSP19, DUSP2, DUSP21, DUSP22, DUSP23, DUSP26, DUSP27, DUSP28, DUSP3, DUSP4, DUSP5, DUSP6, DUSP7, DUSP8, DUSP9, DUT, DUX4, DUXA, DUXB, DVL1, DVL2, DVL3, DWORF, DXO, DYDC1, DYDC2, DYM, DYNAP, DYNC1H1, DYNC1I1, DYNC1I2, DYNC1LI1, DYNC1LI2, DYNC2H1, DYNC2LI1, DYNLL1, DYNLL2, DYNLRB1, DYNLRB2, DYNLT1, DYNLT3, DYRK1A, DYRK1B, DYRK2, DYRK3, DYRK4, DYSF, DYTN, DZANK1, DZIP1, DZIP1L, DZIP3, E2F1, E2F2, E2F3, E2F4, E2F5, E2F6, E2F7, E2F8, E4F1, EAF1, EAF2, EAPP, EARS2, EBAG9, EBF1, EBF2, EBF3, EBF4, EBI3, EBLN1, EBLN2, EBNA1BP2, EBP, EBPL, ECD, ECE1, ECE2, ECEL1, ECH1, ECHDC1, ECHDC2, ECHDC3, ECHS1, ECI1, ECI2, ECM1, ECM2, ECSCR, ECSIT, ECT2, ECT2L, EDA, EDA2R, EDAR, EDARADD, EDC3, EDC4, EDDM13, EDDM3A, EDDM3B, EDEM1, EDEM2, EDEM3, EDF1, EDIL3, EDN1, EDN2, EDN3, EDNRA, EDNRB, EDRF1, EEA1, EED, EEF1A1, EEF1A2, EEF1AKMT1, EEF1AKMT2, EEF1AKMT3, EEF1B2, EEF1D, EEF1E1, EEF1E1-BLOC1S5, EEF1G, EEF2, EEF2K, EEF2KMT, EEFSEC, EEPD1, EFCAB1, EFCAB10, EFCAB11, EFCAB12, EFCAB13, EFCAB14, EFCAB2, EFCAB3, EFCAB5, EFCAB6, EFCAB7, EFCAB8, EFCAB9, EFCC1, EFEMP1, EFEMP2, EFHB, EFHC1, EFHC2, EFHD1, EFHD2, EFL1, EFNA1, EFNA2, EFNA3, EFNA4, EFNA5, EFNB1, EFNB2, EFNB3, EFR3A, EFR3B, EFS, EFTUD2, EGF, EGFL6, EGFL7, EGFL8, EGFLAM, EGFR, EGLN1, EGLN2, EGLN3, EGR1, EGR2, EGR3, EGR4, EHBP1, EHBP1L1, EHD1, EHD2, EHD3, EHD4, EHF, EHHADH, EHMT1, EHMT2, EI24, EID1, EID2, EID2B, EID3, EIF1, EIF1AD, EIF1AX, EIF1AY, EIF1B, EIF2A, EIF2AK1, EIF2AK2, EIF2AK3, EIF2AK4, EIF2B1, EIF2B2, EIF2B3, EIF2B4, EIF2B5, EIF2D, EIF2S1, EIF2S2, EIF2S3, EIF3A, EIF3B, EIF3C, EIF3CL, EIF3D, EIF3E, EIF3F, EIF3G, EIF3H, EIF3I, EIF3J, EIF3K, EIF3L, EIF3M, EIF4A1, EIF4A2, EIF4A3, EIF4B, EIF4E, EIF4E1B, EIF4E2, EIF4E3, EIF4EBP1, EIF4EBP2, EIF4EBP3, EIF4ENIF1, EIF4G1, EIF4G2, EIF4G3, EIF4H, EIF5, EIF5A, EIF5A2, EIF5AL1, EIF5B, EIF6, EIPR1, ELAC1, ELAC2, ELANE, ELAVL1, ELAVL2, ELAVL3, ELAVL4, ELF1, ELF2, ELF3, ELF4, ELF5, ELFN1, ELFN2, ELK1, ELK3, ELK4, ELL, ELL2, ELL3, ELMO1, ELMO2, ELMO3, ELMOD1, ELMOD2, ELMOD3, ELMSAN1, ELN, ELOA, ELOA2, ELOA3, ELOA3B, ELOA3C, ELOA3D, ELOB, ELOC, ELOF1, ELOVL1, ELOVL2, ELOVL3, ELOVL4, ELOVL5, ELOVL6, ELOVL7, ELP1, ELP2, ELP3, ELP4, ELP5, ELP6, ELSPBP1, EMB, EMC1, EMC10, EMC2, EMC3, EMC4, EMC6, EMC7, EMC8, EMC9, EMCN, EMD, EME1, EME2, EMG1, EMID1, EMILIN1, EMILIN2, EMILIN3, EML1, EML2, EML3, EML4, EML5, EML6, EMP1, EMP2, EMP3, EMSY, EMX1, EMX2, EN1, EN2, ENAH, ENAM, ENC1, ENDOD1, ENDOG, ENDOU, ENDOV, ENG, ENGASE, ENHO, ENKD1, ENKUR, ENO1, ENO2, ENO3, ENO4, ENOPH1, ENOSF1, ENOX1, ENOX2, ENPEP, ENPP1, ENPP2, ENPP3, ENPP4, ENPP5, ENPP6, ENPP7, ENSA, ENTHD1, ENTPD1, ENTPD2, ENTPD3, ENTPD4, ENTPD5, ENTPD6, ENTPD7, ENTPD8, ENY2, EOGT, EOMES, EP300, EP400, EPAS1, EPB41, EPB41L1, EPB41L2, EPB41L3, EPB41L4A, EPB41L4B, EPB41L5, EPB42, EPC1, EPC2, EPCAM, EPDR1, EPG5, EPGN, EPHA1, EPHA10, EPHA2, EPHA3, EPHA4, EPHA5, EPHA6, EPHA7, EPHA8, EPHB1, EPHB2, EPHB3, EPHB4, EPHB6, EPHX1, EPHX2, EPHX3, EPHX4, EPM2A, EPM2AIP1, EPN1, EPN2, EPN3, EPO, EPOP, EPOR, EPPIN, EPPIN-WFDC6, EPPK1, EPRS, EPS15, EPS15L1, EPS8, EPS8L1, EPS8L2, EPS8L3, EPSTI1, EPX, EPYC, EQTN, ERAL1, ERAP1, ERAP2, ERAS, ERBB2, ERBB3, ERBB4, ERBIN, ERC1, ERC2, ERCC1, ERCC2, ERCC3, ERCC4, ERCC5, ERCC6, ERCC6L, ERCC6L2, ERCC8, EREG, ERF, ERFE, ERG, ERG28, ERGIC1, ERGIC2, ERGIC3, ERH, ERI1, ERI2, ERI3, ERICH1, ERICH2, ERICH3, ERICH4, ERICH5, ERICH6, ERICH6B, ERLEC1, ERLIN1, ERLIN2, ERMAP, ERMARD, ERMN, ERMP1, ERN1, ERN2, ERO1A, ERO1B, ERP27, ERP29, ERP44, ERRFI1, ERV3-1, ERVFRD-1, ERVMER34-1, ERVV-1, ERVV-2, ERVW-1, ESAM, ESCO1, ESCO2, ESD, ESF1, ESM1, ESPL1, ESPN, ESPNL, ESR1, ESR2, ESRP1, ESRP2, ESRRA, ESRRB, ESRRG, ESS2, ESX1, ESYT1, ESYT2, ESYT3, ETAA1, ETDA, ETDB, ETDC, ETF1, ETFA, ETFB, ETFBKMT, ETFDH, ETFRF1, ETHE1, ETNK1, ETNK2, ETNPPL, ETS1, ETS2, ETV1, ETV2, ETV3, ETV3L, ETV4, ETV5, ETV6, ETV7, EVA1A, EVA1B, EVA1C, EVC, EVC2, EVI2A, EVI2B, EVI5, EVI5L, EVL, EVPL, EVPLL, EVX1, EVX2, EWSR1, EXD1, EXD2, EXD3, EXO1, EXO5, EXOC1, EXOC1L, EXOC2, EXOC3, EXOC3L1, EXOC3L2, EXOC3L4, EXOC4, EXOC5, EXOC6, EXOC6B, EXOC7, EXOC8, EXOG, EXOSC1, EXOSC10, EXOSC2, EXOSC3, EXOSC4, EXOSC5, EXOSC6, EXOSC7, EXOSC8, EXOSC9, EXPH5, EXT1, EXT2, EXTL1, EXTL2, EXTL3, EYA1, EYA2, EYA3, EYA4, EYS, EZH1, EZH2, EZR, F10, F11, F11R, F12, F13A1, F13B, F2, F2R, F2RL1, F2RL2, F2RL3, F3, F5, F7, F8, F8A1, F8A2, F8A3, F9, FA2H, FAAH, FAAH2, FAAP100, FAAP20, FAAP24, FABP1, FABP12, FABP2, FABP3, FABP4, FABP5, FABP6, FABP7, FABP9, FADD, FADS1, FADS2, FADS3, FADS6, FAF1, FAF2, FAH, FAHD1, FAHD2A, FAHD2B, FAIM, FAIM2, FAM102A, FAM102B, FAM103A1, FAM104A, FAM104B, FAM105A, FAM106A, FAM107A, FAM107B, FAM109A, FAM109B, FAM110A, FAM110B, FAM110C, FAM110D, FAM111A, FAM111B, FAM114A1, FAM114A2, FAM117A, FAM117B, FAM118A, FAM118B, FAM120A, FAM120AOS, FAM120B, FAM120C, FAM122A, FAM122B, FAM122C, FAM124A, FAM124B, FAM126A, FAM126B, FAM129A, FAM129B, FAM129C, FAM131A, FAM131B, FAM131C, FAM133A, FAM133B, FAM135A, FAM135B, FAM136A, FAM13A, FAM13B, FAM13C, FAM149A, FAM149B1, FAM151A, FAM151B, FAM153A, FAM153B, FAM153C, FAM155A, FAM155B, FAM156A, FAM156B, FAM159A, FAM159B, FAM160A1, FAM160A2, FAM160B1, FAM160B2, FAM161A, FAM161B, FAM162A, FAM162B, FAM163A, FAM163B, FAM166A, FAM166B, FAM167A, FAM167B, FAM168A, FAM168B, FAM169A, FAM169B, FAM170A, FAM170B, FAM171A1, FAM171A2, FAM171B, FAM172A, FAM173A, FAM173B, FAM174A, FAM174B, FAM177A1, FAM177B, FAM178B, FAM180A, FAM180B, FAM181A, FAM181B, FAM182B, FAM183A, FAM184A, FAM184B, FAM185A, FAM186A, FAM186B, FAM187A, FAM187B, FAM189A1, FAM189A2, FAM189B, FAM192A, FAM193A, FAM193B, FAM196A, FAM196B, FAM198A, FAM198B, FAM199X, FAM19A1, FAM19A2, FAM19A3, FAM19A4, FAM19A5, FAM200A, FAM200B, FAM204A, FAM205A, FAM205C, FAM206A, FAM207A, FAM208A, FAM208B, FAM209A, FAM209B, FAM20A, FAM20B, FAM20C, FAM210A, FAM210B, FAM212A, FAM212B, FAM213A, FAM213B, FAM214A, FAM214B, FAM216A, FAM216B, FAM217A, FAM217B, FAM218A, FAM219A, FAM219B, FAM220A, FAM221A, FAM221B, FAM222A, FAM222B, FAM227A, FAM227B, FAM228A, FAM228B, FAM229A, FAM229B, FAM230A, FAM231A, FAM231B, FAM231C, FAM231D, FAM234A, FAM234B, FAM236A, FAM236B, FAM236C, FAM236D, FAM237A, FAM237B, FAM240A, FAM240B, FAM24A, FAM24B, FAM25A, FAM25C, FAM25G, FAM26D, FAM26E, FAM26F, FAM32A, FAM35A, FAM3A, FAM3B, FAM3C, FAM3D, FAM43A, FAM43B, FAM45A, FAM46A, FAM46B, FAM46C, FAM46D, FAM47A, FAM47B, FAM47C, FAM47E, FAM47E-STBD1, FAM49A, FAM49B, FAM50A, FAM50B, FAM53A, FAM53B, FAM53C, FAM57A, FAM57B, FAM58A, FAM60A, FAM69A, FAM69B, FAM69C, FAM71A, FAM71B, FAM71C, FAM71D, FAM71E1, FAM71E2, FAM71F1, FAM71F2, FAM72A, FAM72B, FAM72C, FAM72D, FAM76A, FAM76B, FAM78A, FAM78B, FAM81A, FAM81B, FAM83A, FAM83B, FAM83C, FAM83D, FAM83E, FAM83F, FAM83G, FAM83H, FAM84A, FAM84B, FAM86B1, FAM86B2, FAM86C1, FAM89A, FAM89B, FAM8A1, FAM90A1, FAM90A26, FAM91A1, FAM92A, FAM92B, FAM95C, FAM96A, FAM96B, FAM98A, FAM98B, FAM98C, FAM9A, FAM9B, FAM9C, FAN1, FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD2, FANCD20S, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, FANCI, FANCL, FANCM, FANK1, FAP, FAR1, FAR2, FARP1, FARP2, FARS2, FARSA, FARSB, FAS, FASLG, FASN, FASTK, FASTKD1, FASTKD2, FASTKD3, FASTKD5, FAT1, FAT2, FAT3, FAT4, FATE1, FAU, FAXC, FAXDC2, FBF1, FBL, FBLIM1, FBLL1, FBLN1, FBLN2, FBLN5, FBLN7, FBN1, FBN2, FBN3, FBP1, FBP2, FBRS, FBRSL1, FBXL12, FBXL13, FBXL14, FBXL15, FBXL16, FBXL17, FBXL18, FBXL19, FBXL2, FBXL20, FBXL22, FBXL3, FBXL4, FBXL5, FBXL6, FBXL7, FBXL8, FBXO10, FBXO11, FBXO15, FBXO16, FBXO17, FBXO18, FBXO2, FBXO21, FBXO22, FBXO24, FBXO25, FBXO27, FBXO28, FBXO3, FBXO30, FBXO31, FBXO32, FBXO33, FBXO34, FBXO36, FBXO38, FBXO39, FBXO4, FBXO40, FBXO41, FBXO42, FBXO43, FBXO44, FBXO45, FBXO46, FBXO47, FBXO48, FBXO5, FBXO6, FBXO7, FBXO8, FBXO9, FBXW10, FBXW11, FBXW12, FBXW2, FBXW4, FBXW5, FBXW7, FBXW8, FBXW9, FCAMR, FCAR, FCER1A, FCER1G, FCER2, FCF1, FCGBP, FCGR1A, FCGR1B, FCGR2A, FCGR2B, FCGR2C, FCGR3A, FCGR3B, FCGRT, FCHO1, FCHO2, FCHSD1, FCHSD2, FCMR, FCN1, FCN2, FCN3, FCRL1, FCRL2, FCRL3, FCRL4, FCRL5, FCRL6, FCRLA, FCRLB, FDCSP, FDFT1, FDPS, FDX1, FDX2, FDXACB1, FDXR, FECH, FEM1A, FEM1B, FEM1C, FEN1, FER, FER1L5, FER1L6, FERD3L, FERMT1, FERMT2, FERMT3, FES, FETUB, FEV, FEZ1, FEZ2, FEZF1, FEZF2, FFAR1, FFAR2, FFAR3, FFAR4, FGA, FGB, FGD1, FGD2, FGD3, FGD4, FGD5, FGD6, FGF1, FGF10, FGF11, FGF12, FGF13, FGF14, FGF16, FGF17, FGF18, FGF19, FGF2, FGF20, FGF21, FGF22, FGF23, FGF3, FGF4, FGF5, FGF6, FGF7, FGF8, FGF9, FGFBP1, FGFBP2, FGFBP3, FGFR1, FGFR1OP, FGFR1OP2, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, FGFRL1, FGG, FGGY, FGL1, FGL2, FGR, FH, FHAD1, FHDC1, FHIT, FHL1, FHL2, FHL3, FHL5, FHOD1, FHOD3, FIBCD1, FIBIN, FIBP, FICD, FIG4, FIGLA, FIGN, FIGNL1, FIGNL2, FILIP 1, FILIP1L, FIP1L1, FIS1, FITM1, FITM2, FIZ1, FJX1, FKBP10, FKBP11, FKBP14, FKBP15, FKBP1A, FKBP1B, FKBP1C, FKBP2, FKBP3, FKBP4, FKBP5, FKBP6, FKBP7, FKBP8, FKBP9, FKBPL, FKRP, FKTN, FLAD1, FLCN, FLG, FLG2, FLI1, FLII, FLNA, FLNB, FLNC, FLOT1, FLOT2, FLRT1, FLRT2, FLRT3, FLT1, FLT3, FLT3LG, FLT4, FLVCR1, FLVCR2, FLYWCH1, FLYWCH2, FMC1, FMN1, FMN2, FMNL1, FMNL2, FMNL3, FMO1, FMO2, FMO3, FMO4, FMO5, FMOD, FMR1, FMR1NB, FN1, FN3K, FN3KRP, FNBP1, FNBP1L, FNBP4, FNDC1, FNDC10, FNDC11, FNDC3A, FNDC3B, FNDC4, FNDC5, FNDC7, FNDC8, FNDC9, FNIP1, FNIP2, FNTA, FNTB, FO681492.1, FO681542.1, FOCAD, FOLH1, FOLR1, FOLR2, FOLR3, FOPNL, FOS, FOSB, FOSL1, FOSL2, FOXA1, FOXA2, FOXA3, FOXB1, FOXB2, FOXC1, FOXC2, FOXD1, FOXD2, FOXD3, FOXD4, FOXD4L1, FOXD4L3, FOXD4L4, FOXD4L5, FOXD4L6, FOXE1, FOXE3, FOXF1, FOXF2, FOXG1, FOXH1, FOXI1, FOXI2, FOXI3, FOXJ1, FOXJ2, FOXJ3, FOXK1, FOXK2, FOXL1, FOXL2, FOXL2NB, FOXM1, FOXN1, FOXN2, FOXN3, FOXN4, FOXO1, FOXO3, FOXO4, FOXO6, FOXP1, FOXP2, FOXP3, FOXP4, FOXQ1, FOXR1, FOXR2, FOXRED1, FOXRED2, FOXS1, FP236240.1, FP565260.1, FP565260.2, FP565260.3, FP565260.4, FP565260.6, FP565260.7, FP565324.1, FP565324.2, FPGS, FPGT, FPGT-TNNI3K, FPR1, FPR2, FPR3, FRA10AC1, FRAS1, FRAT1, FRAT2, FREM1, FREM2, FREM3, FRG1, FRG2, FRG2B, FRG2C, FRK, FRMD1, FRMD3, FRMD4A, FRMD4B, FRMD5, FRMD6, FRMD7, FRMD8, FRMPD1, FRMPD2, FRMPD3, FRMPD4, FRRS1, FRRS1L, FRS2, FRS3, FRY, FRYL, FRZB, FSBP, FSCB, FSCN1, FSCN2, FSCN3, FSD1, FSD1L, FSD2, FSHB, FSHR, FSIP1, FSIP2, FST, FSTL1, FSTL3, FSTL4, FSTL5, FTCD, FTCDNL1, FTH1, FTHL17, FTL, FTMT, FTO, FTSJ1, FTSJ3, FUBP1, FUBP3, FUCA1, FUCA2, FUK, FUNDC1, FUNDC2, FUOM, FURIN, FUS, FUT1, FUT10, FUT11, FUT2, FUT3, FUT4, FUT5, FUT6, FUT7, FUT8, FUT9, FUZ, FXN, FXR1, FXR2, FXYD1, FXYD2, FXYD3, FXYD4, FXYD5, FXYD6, FXYD6-FXYD2, FXYD7, FYB1, FYB2, FYCO1, FYN, FYTTD1, FZD1, FZD10, FZD2, FZD3, FZD4, FZD5, FZD6, FZD7, FZD8, FZD9, FZR1, G0S2, G2E3, G3BP1, G3BP2, G6PC, G6PC2, G6PC3, G6PD, GAA, GAB1, GAB2, GAB3, GAB4, GABARAP, GABARAPL1, GABARAPL2, GABBR1, GABBR2, GABPA, GABPB1, GABPB2, GABRA1, GABRA2, GABRA3, GABRA4, GABRA5, GABRA6, GABRB1, GABRB2, GABRB3, GABRD, GABRE, GABRG1, GABRG2, GABRG3, GABRP, GABRQ, GABRR1, GABRR2, GABRR3, GAD1, GAD2, GADD45A, GADD45B, GADD45G, GADD45GIP1, GADL1, GAGE1, GAGE10, GAGE12B, GAGE12C, GAGE12D, GAGE12E, GAGE12F, GAGE12G, GAGE12H, GAGE12J, GAGE13, GAGE2A, GAGE2E, GAK, GAL, GAL3ST1, GAL3ST2, GAL3ST3, GAL3ST4, GALC, GALE, GALK1, GALK2, GALM, GALNS, GALNT1, GALNT10, GALNT11, GALNT12, GALNT13, GALNT14, GALNT15, GALNT16, GALNT17, GALNT18, GALNT2, GALNT3, GALNT4, GALNT5, GALNT6, GALNT7, GALNT8, GALNT9, GALNTL5, GALNTL6, GALP, GALR1, GALR2, GALR3, GALT, GAMT, GAN, GANAB, GANC, GAP43, GAPDH, GAPDHS, GAPT, GAPVD1, GAR1, GAREM1, GAREM2, GARNL3, GARS, GART, GAS1, GAS2, GAS2L1, GAS2L2, GAS2L3, GAS6, GAS7, GAS8, GAST, GATA1, GATA2, GATA3, GATA4, GATA5, GATA6, GATAD1, GATAD2A, GATAD2B, GATB, GATC, GATD1, GATM, GATS, GBA, GBA2, GBA3, GBE1, GBF1, GBGT1, GBP1, GBP2, GBP3, GBP4, GBP5, GBP6, GBP7, GBX1, GBX2, GC, GCA, GCAT, GCC1, GCC2, GCDH, GCFC2, GCG, GCGR, GCH1, GCHFR, GCK, GCKR, GCLC, GCLM, GCM1, GCM2, GCN1, GCNA, GCNT1, GCNT2, GCNT3, GCNT4, GCNT7, GCOM1, GCSAM, GCSAML, GCSH, GDA, GDAP1, GDAP1L1, GDAP2, GDE1, GDF1, GDF10, GDF11, GDF15, GDF2, GDF3, GDF5, GDF5OS, GDF6, GDF7, GDF9, GDI1, GDI2, GDNF, GDPD1, GDPD2, GDPD3, GDPD4, GDPD5, GDPGP1, GEM, GEMIN2, GEMIN4, GEMIN5, GEMIN6, GEMIN7, GEMIN8, GEN1, GET4, GFAP, GFER, GFI1, GFI1B, GFM1, GFM2, GFOD1, GFOD2, GFPT1, GFPT2, GFRA1, GFRA2, GFRA3, GFRA4, GFRAL, GFY, GGA1, GGA2, GGA3, GGACT, GGCT, GGCX, GGH, GGN, GGNBP2, GGPS1, GGT1, GGT2, GGT5, GGT6, GGT7, GGTLC1, GGTLC2, GGTLC3, GH1, GH2, GHDC, GHITM, GHR, GHRH, GHRHR, GHRL, GHSR, GID4, GID8, GIF, GIGYF1, GIGYF2, GIMAP1, GIMAP1-GIMAP5, GIMAP2, GIMAP4, GIMAP5, GIMAP6, GIMAP7, GIMAP8, GIMD1, GIN1, GINM1, GINS1, GINS2, GINS3, GINS4, GIP, GIPC1, GIPC2, GIPC3, GIPR, GIT1, GIT2, GJA1, GJA10, GJA3, GJA4, GJA5, GJA8, GJA9, GJB1, GJB2, GJB3, GJB4, GJB5, GJB6, GJB7, GJC1, GJC2, GJC3, GJD2, GJD3, GJD4, GJE1, GK, GK2, GK3P, GK5, GKAP1, GKN1, GKN2, GLA, GLB1, GLB1L, GLB1L2, GLB1L3, GLCCI1, GLCE, GLDC, GLDN, GLE1, GLG1, GLI1, GLI2, GLI3, GLI4, GLIPR1, GLIPR1L1, GLIPR1L2, GLIPR2, GLIS1, GLIS2, GLIS3, GLMN, GLMP, GLO1, GLOD4, GLOD5, GLP1R, GLP2R, GLRA1, GLRA2, GLRA3, GLRA4, GLRB, GLRX, GLRX2, GLRX3, GLRX5, GLS, GLS2, GLT1D1, GLT6D1, GLT8D1, GLT8D2, GLTP, GLTPD2, GLUD1, GLUD2, GLUL, GLYAT, GLYATL1, GLYATL1P3, GLYATL2, GLYATL3, GLYCTK, GLYR1, GM2A, GMCL1, GMDS, GMEB1, GMEB2, GMFB, GMFG, GMIP, GML, GMNC, GMNN, GMPPA, GMPPB, GMPR, GMPR2, GMPS, GNA11, GNA12, GNA13, GNA14, GNA15, GNAI1, GNA12, GNAI3, GNAL, GNAO1, GNAQ, GNAS, GNAT1, GNAT2, GNAT3, GNAZ, GNB1, GNB1L, GNB2, GNB3, GNB4, GNB5, GNE, GNG10, GNG11, GNG12, GNG13, GNG14, GNG2, GNG3, GNG4, GNG5, GNG7, GNG8, GNGT1, GNGT2, GNL1, GNL2, GNL3, GNL3L, GNLY, GNMT, GNPAT, GNPDA1, GNPDA2, GNPNAT1, GNPTAB, GNPTG, GNRH1, GNRH2, GNRHR, GNS, GOLGA1, GOLGA2, GOLGA3, GOLGA4, GOLGA5, GOLGA6A, GOLGA6B, GOLGA6C, GOLGA6D, GOLGA6L1, GOLGA6L10, GOLGA6L2, GOLGA6L22, GOLGA6L4, GOLGA6L6, GOLGA6L7P, GOLGA6L9, GOLGA7, GOLGA7B, GOLGA8A, GOLGA8B, GOLGA8F, GOLGA8G, GOLGA8H, GOLGA8J, GOLGA8K, GOLGA8M, GOLGA8N, GOLGA8O, GOLGA8Q, GOLGA8R, GOLGA8S, GOLGA8T, GOLGB1, GOLIM4, GOLM1, GOLPH3, GOLPH3L, GOLT1A, GOLT1B, GON4L, GON7, GOPC, GORAB, GORASP1, GORASP2, GOSR1, GOSR2, GOT1, GOT1L1, GOT2, GP1BA, GP1BB, GP2, GP5, GP6, GP9, GPA33, GPAA1, GPALPP1, GPAM, GPANK1, GPAT2, GPAT3, GPAT4, GPATCH1, GPATCH11, GPATCH2, GPATCH2L, GPATCH3, GPATCH4, GPATCH8, GPBAR1, GPBP1, GPBP1L1, GPC1, GPC2, GPC3, GPC4, GPC5, GPC6, GPCPD1, GPD1, GPD1L, GPD2, GPER1, GPHA2, GPHB5, GPHN, GPI, GPIHBP1, GPKOW, GPLD1, GPM6A, GPM6B, GPN1, GPN2, GPN3, GPNMB, GPR1, GPR101, GPR107, GPR108, GPR119, GPR12, GPR132, GPR135, GPR137, GPR137B, GPR137C, GPR139, GPR141, GPR142, GPR143, GPR146, GPR148, GPR149, GPR15, GPR150, GPR151, GPR152, GPR153, GPR155, GPR156, GPR157, GPR158, GPR160, GPR161, GPR162, GPR17, GPR171, GPR173, GPR174, GPR176, GPR179, GPR18, GPR180, GPR182, GPR183, GPR19, GPR20, GPR21, GPR22, GPR25, GPR26, GPR27, GPR3, GPR31, GPR32, GPR33, GPR34, GPR35, GPR37, GPR37L1, GPR39, GPR4, GPR42, GPR45, GPR50, GPR52, GPR55, GPR6, GPR61, GPR62, GPR63, GPR65, GPR68, GPR75, GPR75-ASB3, GPR78, GPR82, GPR83, GPR84, GPR85, GPR87, GPR88, GPR89A, GPR89B, GPRASP1, GPRASP2, GPRC5A, GPRC5B, GPRC5C, GPRC5D, GPRC6A, GPRIN1, GPRIN2, GPRIN3, GPS1, GPS2, GPSM1, GPSM2, GPSM3, GPT, GPT2, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3, GPX4, GPX5, GPX6, GPX7, GPX8, GRAMD1A, GRAMD1B, GRAMD1C, GRAMD2A, GRAMD2B, GRAMD4, GRAP, GRAP2, GRAPL, GRASP, GRB10, GRB14, GRB2, GRB7, GREB1, GREB1L, GREM1, GREM2, GRHL1, GRHL2, GRHL3, GRHPR, GRIA1, GRIA2, GRIA3, GRIA4, GRID1, GRID2, GRID2IP, GRIFIN, GRIK1, GRIK2, GRIK3, GRIK4, GRIK5, GRIN1, GRIN2A, GRIN2B, GRIN2C, GRIN2D, GRIN3A, GRIN3B, GRINA, GRIP1, GRIP2, GRIPAP1, GRK1, GRK2, GRK3, GRK4, GRK5, GRK6, GRK7, GRM1, GRM2, GRM3, GRM4, GRM5, GRM6, GRM7, GRM8, GRN, GRP, GRPEL1, GRPEL2, GRPR, GRSF1, GRTP1, GRWD1, GRXCR1, GRXCR2, GSAP, GSC, GSC2, GSDMA, GSDMB, GSDMC, GSDMD, GSE1, GSG1, GSG1L, GSG1L2, GSK3A, GSK3B, GSKIP, GSN, GSPT1, GSPT2, GSR, GSS, GSTA1, GSTA2, GSTA3, GSTA4, GSTA5, GSTCD, GSTK1, GSTM1, GSTM2, GSTM3, GSTM4, GSTM5, GSTO1, GST02, GSTP1, GSTT1, GSTT2, GSTT2B, GSTTP1, GSTZ1, GSX1, GSX2, GTDC1, GTF2A1, GTF2A1L, GTF2A2, GTF2B, GTF2E1, GTF2E2, GTF2F1, GTF2F2, GTF2H1, GTF2H2, GTF2H2C, GTF2H2C 2, GTF2H3, GTF2H4, GTF2H5, GTF2I, GTF2IRD1, GTF2IRD2, GTF2IRD2B, GTF3A, GTF3C1, GTF3C2, GTF3C3, GTF3C4, GTF3C5, GTF3C6, GTPBP1, GTPBP10, GTPBP2, GTPBP3, GTPBP4, GTPBP6, GTPBP8, GTSE1, GTSF1, GTSF1L, GU182339.1, GU182339.3, GU182343.1, GU182343.2, GU182345.1, GU182345.2, GU182347.1, GU182351.2, GU182352.2, GU182353.1, GU182355.1, GU182355.2, GU182355.3, GU182357.1, GU182357.3, GU182359.1, GU182359.2, GUCA1A, GUCA1B, GUCA1C, GUCA2A, GUCA2B, GUCD1, GUCY1A2, GUCY1A3, GUCY1B3, GUCY2C, GUCY2D, GUCY2F, GUF1, GUK1, GULP1, GUSB, GVQW2, GXYLT1, GXYLT2, GYG1, GYG2, GYPA, GYPB, GYPC, GYPE, GYS1, GYS2, GZF1, GZMA, GZMB, GZMH, GZMK, GZMM, H1F0, H1FNT, H1FOO, H1FX, H2AFB1, H2AFB2, H2AFB3, H2AFJ, H2AFV, H2AFX, H2AFY, H2AFY2, H2AFZ, H2BFM, H2BFS, H2BFWT, H3F3A, H3F3B, H3F3C, H6PD, HAAO, HABP2, HABP4, HACD1, HACD2, HACD3, HACD4, HACE1, HACL1, HADH, HADHA, HADHB, HAGH, HAGHL, HAL, HAMP, HAND1, HAND2, HAO1, HAO2, HAP1, HAPLN1, HAPLN2, HAPLN3, HAPLN4, HARBI1, HARS, HARS2, HAS1, HAS2, HAS3, HASPIN, HAT1, HAUS1, HAUS2, HAUS3, HAUS4, HAUS5, HAUS6, HAUS7, HAUS8, HAVCR1, HAVCR2, HAX1, HBA1, HBA2, HBB, HBD, HBE1, HBEGF, HBG1, HBG2, HBM, HBP1, HBQ1, HBS1L, HBZ, HCAR1, HCAR2, HCAR3, HCCS, HCFC1, HCFC1R1, HCFC2, HCK, HCLS1, HCN1, HCN2, HCN3, HCN4, HCRT, HCRTR1, HCRTR2, HCST, HDAC1, HDAC10, HDAC11, HDAC2, HDAC3, HDAC4, HDAC5, HDAC6, HDAC7, HDAC8, HDAC9, HDC, HDDC2, HDDC3, HDGF, HDGFL1, HDGFL2, HDGFL3, HDHD2, HDHD3, HDHD5, HDLBP, HDX, HEATR1, HEATR3, HEATR4, HEATR5A, HEATR5B, HEATR6, HEATR9, HEBP1, HEBP2, HECA, HECTD1, HECTD2, HECTD3, HECTD4, HECW1, HECW2, HEG1, HELB, HELLS, HELQ, HELT, HELZ, HELZ2, HEMGN, HEMK1, HENMT1, HEPACAM, HEPACAM2, HEPH, HEPHL1, HEPN1, HERC1, HERC2, HERC3, HERC4, HERC5, HERC6, HERPUD1, HERPUD2, HES1, HES2, HES3, HES4, HES5, HES6, HES7, HESX1, HEXA, HEXB, HEXDC, HEXIM1, HEXIM2, HEY1, HEY2, HEYL, HFE, HFE2, HFM1, HGD, HGF, HGFAC, HGH1, HGNC: 18790, HGNC:24955, HGS, HGSNAT, HHAT, HHATL, HHEX, HHIP, HHIPL1, HHIPL2, HHLA1, HHLA2, HHLA3, HIBADH, HIBCH, HIC1, HIC2, HID1, HIF1A, HIF1AN, HIF3A, HIGD1A, HIGD1B, HIGD1C, HIGD2A, HIGD2B, HIKESHI, HILPDA, HINFP, HINT1, HINT2, HINT3, HIP1, HIP1R, HIPK1, HIPK2, HIPK3, HIPK4, HIRA, HIRIP3, HIST1H1A, HIST1H1B, HIST1H1C, HIST1H1D, HIST1H1E, HIST1H1T, HIST1H2AA, HIST1H2AB, HIST1H2AC, HIST1H2AD, HIST1H2AE, HIST1H2AG, HIST1H2AH, HIST1H2AI, HIST1H2AJ, HIST1H2AK, HIST1H2AL, HIST1H2AM, HIST1H2BA, HIST1H2BB, HIST1H2BC, HIST1H2BD, HIST1H2BE, HIST1H2BF, HIST1H2BG, HIST1H2BH, HIST1H2BI, HIST1H2BJ, HIST1H2BK, HIST1H2BL, HIST1H2BM, HIST1H2BN, HIST1H2BO, HIST1H3A, HIST1H3B, HIST1H3C, HIST1H3D, HIST1H3E, HIST1H3F, HIST1H3G, HIST1H3H, HIST1H3I, HIST1H3J, HIST1H4A, HIST1H4B, HIST1H4C, HIST1H4D, HIST1H4E, HIST1H4F, HIST1H4G, HIST1H4H, HIST1H4I, HIST1H4J, HIST1H4K, HIST1H4L, HIST2H2AA3, HIST2H2AA4, HIST2H2AB, HIST2H2AC, HIST2H2BE, HIST2H2BF, HIST2H3A, HIST2H3C, HIST2H3D, HIST2H3PS2, HIST2H4A, HIST2H4B, HIST3H2A, HIST3H2BB, HIST3H3, HIST4H4, HIVEP1, HIVEP2, HIVEP3, HJURP, HK1, HK2, HK3, HKDC1, HKR1, HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-DMA, HLA-DMB, HLA-DOA, HLA-DOB, HLA-DPA1, HLA-DPB1, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQA2, HLA-DQB1, HLA-DQB2, HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1, HLA-DRB3, HLA-DRB4, HLA-DRB5, HLA-E, HLA-F, HLA-G, HLCS, HLF, HLTF, HLX, HM13, HM190170.1, HMBOX1, HMBS, HMCES, HMCN1, HMCN2, HMG20A, HMG20B, HMGA1, HMGA2, HMGB1, HMGB2, HMGB3, HMGB4, HMGCL, HMGCLL1, HMGCR, HMGCS1, HMGCS2, HMGN1, HMGN2, HMGN3, HMGN4, HMGN5, HMGXB3, HMGXB4, HMHB1, HMMR, HMOX1, HMOX2, HMSD, HMX1, HMX2, HMX3, HNF1A, HNF1B, HNF4A, HNF4G, HNMT, HNRNPA0, HNRNPA1, HNRNPA1L2, HNRNPA2B1, HNRNPA3, HNRNPAB, HNRNPC, HNRNPCL1, HNRNPCL2, HNRNPCL3, HNRNPCL4, HNRNPD, HNRNPDL, HNRNPF, HNRNPH1, HNRNPH2, HNRNPH3, HNRNPK, HNRNPL, HNRNPLL, HNRNPM, HNRNPR, HNRNPU, HNRNPUL1, HNRNPUL2, HNRNPUL2-BSCL2, HOGA1, HOMER1, HOMER2, HOMER3, HOMEZ, HOOK1, HOOK2, HOOK3, HOPX, HORMAD1, HORMAD2, HOXA1, HOXA10, HOXA11, HOXA13, HOXA2, HOXA3, HOXA4, HOXA5, HOXA6, HOXA7, HOXA9, HOXB1, HOXB13, HOXB2, HOXB3, HOXB4, HOXB5, HOXB6, HOXB7, HOXB8, HOXB9, HOXC10, HOXC11, HOXC12, HOXC13, HOXC4, HOXC5, HOXC6, HOXC8, HOXC9, HOXD1, HOXD10, HOXD11, HOXD12, HOXD13, HOXD3, HOXD4, HOXD8, HOXD9, HP, HP1BP3, HPCA, HPCAL1, HPCAL4, HPD, HPDL, HPF1, HPGD, HPGDS, HPN, HPR, HPRT1, HPS1, HPS3, HPS4, HPS5, HPS6, HPSE, HPSE2, HPX, HR, HRAS, HRASLS, HRASLS2, HRASLS5, HRC, HRCT1, HRG, HRH1, HRH2, HRH3, HRH4, HRK, HRNR, HS1BP3, HS2ST1, HS3ST1, HS3ST2, HS3ST3A1, HS3ST3B1, HS3ST4, HS3ST5, HS3ST6, HS6ST1, HS6ST2, HS6ST3, HSBP1, HSBP1L1, HSCB, HSD11B1, HSD11B1L, HSD11B2, HSD17B1, HSD17B10, HSD17B11, HSD17B12, HSD17B13, HSD17B14, HSD17B2, HSD17B3, HSD17B4, HSD17B6, HSD17B7, HSD17B8, HSD3B1, HSD3B2, HSD3B7, HSDL1, HSDL2, HSF1, HSF2, HSF2BP, HSF4, HSF5, HSFX1, HSFX2, HSFX3, HSFX4, HSFY1, HSFY2, HSH2D, HSP90AA1, HSP90AB1, HSP90B1, HSPA12A, HSPA12B, HSPA13, HSPA14, HSPA1A, HSPA1B, HSPA1L, HSPA2, HSPA4, HSPA4L, HSPA5, HSPA6, HSPA8, HSPA9, HSPB1, HSPB11, HSPB2, HSPB2-Cllorf52, HSPB3, HSPB6, HSPB7, HSPB8, HSPB9, HSPBAP1, HSPBP1, HSPD1, HSPE1, HSPE1-MOB4, HSPG2, HSPH1, HTATIP2, HTATSF1, HTD2, HTN1, HTN3, HTR1A, HTR1B, HTR1D, HTR1E, HTR1F, HTR2A, HTR2B, HTR2C, HTR3A, HTR3B, HTR3C, HTR3D, HTR3E, HTR4, HTR5A, HTR6, HTR7, HTRA1, HTRA2, HTRA3, HTRA4, HTT, HUNK, HUS1, HUS1B, HUWE1, HVCN1, HYAL1, HYAL2, HYAL3, HYAL4, HYDIN, HYI, HYKK, HYLS1, HYOU1, HYPK, HYPM, IAH1, IAPP, IARS, IARS2, IBA57, IBSP, IBTK, ICA1, ICA1L, ICAM1, ICAM2, ICAM3, ICAM4, ICAM5, ICE1, ICE2, ICK, ICMT, ICOS, ICOSLG, ID1, ID2, ID3, ID4, IDE, IDH1, IDH2, IDH3A, IDH3B, IDH3G, IDI1, IDI2, IDNK, IDO1, IDO2, IDS, IDUA, IER2, IER3, IER3IP1, IER5, IER5L, IFFO1, IFFO2, IFI16, IFI27, IFI27L1, IFI27L2, IFI30, IFI35, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI6, IFIH1, IFIT1, IFIT1B, IFIT2, IFIT3, IFIT5, IFITM1, IFITM10, IFITM2, IFITM3, IFITM5, IFNA1, IFNA10, IFNA13, IFNA14, IFNA16, IFNA17, IFNA2, IFNA21, IFNA4, IFNA5, IFNA6, IFNA7, IFNA8, IFNAR1, IFNAR2, IFNB1, IFNE, IFNG, IFNGR1, IFNGR2, IFNK, IFNL1, IFNL2, IFNL3, IFNL4, IFNLR1, IFNW1, IFRD1, IFRD2, IFT122, IFT140, IFT172, IFT20, IFT22, IFT27, IFT43, IFT46, IFT52, IFT57, IFT74, IFT80, IFT81, IFT88, IGBP1, IGDCC3, IGDCC4, IGF1, IGF1R, IGF2, IGF2BP1, IGF2BP2, IGF2BP3, IGF2R, IGFALS, IGFBP1, IGFBP2, IGFBP3, IGFBP4, IGFBP5, IGFBP6, IGFBP7, IGFBPL1, IGFL1, IGFL2, IGFL3, IGFL4, IGFLR1, IGFN1, IGHA1, IGHA2, IGHD, IGHD1-1, IGHD1-14, IGHD1-20, IGHD1-26, IGHD1-7, IGHD1OR15-1A, IGHD1OR15-1B, IGHD2-15, IGHD2-2, IGHD2-21, IGHD2-8, IGHD2OR15-2A, IGHD2OR15-2B, IGHD3-10, IGHD3-16, IGHD3-22, IGHD3-3, IGHD3-9, IGHD3OR15-3A, IGHD3OR15-3B, IGHD4-11, IGHD4-17, IGHD4-23, IGHD4-4, IGHD4OR15-4A, IGHD4OR15-4B, IGHD5-12, IGHD5-18, IGHD5-24, IGHD5-5, IGHD5OR15-5A, IGHD5OR15-5B, IGHD6-13, IGHD6-19, IGHD6-25, IGHD6-6, IGHD7-27, IGHE, IGHG1, IGHG2, IGHG3, IGHG4, IGHJ1, IGHJ2, IGHJ3, IGHJ4, IGHJ5, IGHJ6, IGHM, IGHMBP2, IGHV1-18, IGHV1-2, IGHV1-24, IGHV1-3, IGHV1-45, IGHV1-46, IGHV1-58, IGHV1-69, IGHV1OR15-1, IGHV1OR15-9, IGHV1OR21-1, IGHV2-26, IGHV2-5, IGHV2-70, IGHV2OR16-5, IGHV3-11, IGHV3-13, IGHV3-15, IGHV3-16, IGHV3-20, IGHV3-21, IGHV3-23, IGHV3-30, IGHV3-33, IGHV3-35, IGHV3-38, IGHV3-43, IGHV3-48, IGHV3-49, IGHV3-53, IGHV3-64, IGHV3-66, IGHV3-7, IGHV3-72, IGHV3-73, IGHV3-74, IGHV3OR15-7, IGHV3OR16-10, IGHV3OR16-12, IGHV3OR16-13, IGHV3OR16-8, IGHV3OR16-9, IGHV4-28, IGHV4-31, IGHV4-34, IGHV4-39, IGHV4-4, IGHV4-59, IGHV4-61, IGHV4OR15-8, IGHV5-51, IGHV6-1, IGHV7-81, IGIP, IGKC, IGKJ1, IGKJ2, IGKJ3, IGKJ4, IGKJ5, IGKV1-12, IGKV1-16, IGKV1-17, IGKV1-27, IGKV1-33, IGKV1-37, IGKV1-39, IGKV1-5, IGKV1-6, IGKV1-8, IGKV1-9, IGKV1D-12, IGKV1D-13, IGKV1D-16, IGKV1D-17, IGKV1D-33, IGKV1D-37, IGKV1D-39, IGKV1D-42, IGKV1D-43, IGKV1D-8, IGKV1OR2-108, IGKV2-24, IGKV2-28, IGKV2-30, IGKV2-40, IGKV2D-24, IGKV2D-26, IGKV2D-28, IGKV2D-29, IGKV2D-30, IGKV2D-40, IGKV3-11, IGKV3-15, IGKV3-20, IGKV3-7, IGKV3D-11, IGKV3D-15, IGKV3D-20, IGKV3D-7, IGKV3OR2-268, IGKV4-1, IGKV5-2, IGKV6-21, IGKV6D-21, IGKV6D-41, IGLC1, IGLC2, IGLC3, IGLC7, IGLJ1, IGLJ2, IGLJ3, IGLJ4, IGLJ5, IGLJ6, IGLJ7, IGLL1, IGLL5, IGLON5, IGLV10-54, IGLV11-55, IGLV1-36, IGLV1-40, IGLV1-44, IGLV1-47, IGLV1-50, IGLV1-51, IGLV2-11, IGLV2-14, IGLV2-18, IGLV2-23, IGLV2-33, IGLV2-8, IGLV3-1, IGLV3-10, IGLV3-12, IGLV3-16, IGLV3-19, IGLV3-21, IGLV3-22, IGLV3-25, IGLV3-27, IGLV3-32, IGLV3-9, IGLV4-3, IGLV4-60, IGLV4-69, IGLV5-37, IGLV5-45, IGLV5-48, IGLV5-52, IGLV6-57, IGLV7-43, IGLV7-46, IGLV8-61, IGLV9-49, IGSF1, IGSF10, IGSF11, IGSF21, IGSF22, IGSF23, IGSF3, IGSF5, IGSF6, IGSF8, IGSF9, IGSF9B, IHH, IK, IKBIP, IKBKB, IKBKE, IKBKG, IKZF1, IKZF2, IKZF3, IKZF4, IKZF5, IL10, IL10RA, IL10RB, IL11, IL11RA, IL12A, IL12B, IL12RB1, IL12RB2, IL13, IL13RA1, IL13RA2, IL15, IL15RA, IL16, IL17A, IL17B, IL17C, IL17D, IL17F, IL17RA, IL17RB, IL17RC, IL17RD, IL17RE, IL17REL, IL18, IL18BP, IL18R1, IL18RAP, IL19, IL1A, IL1B, IL1F10, IL1R1, IL1R2, IL1RAP, IL1RAPL1, IL1RAPL2, IL1RL1, IL1RL2, IL1RN, IL2, IL20, IL20RA, IL20RB, IL21, IL21R, IL22, IL22RA1, IL22RA2, IL23A, IL23R, IL24, IL25, IL26, IL27, IL27RA, IL2RA, IL2RB, IL2RG, IL3, IL31, IL31RA, IL32, IL33, IL34, IL36A, IL36B, IL36G, IL36RN, IL37, IL3RA, IL4, IL4I1, IL4R, IL5, IL5RA, IL6, IL6R, IL6ST, IL7, IL7R, IL9, IL9R, ILDR1, ILDR2, ILF2, ILF3, ILK, ILKAP, ILVBL, IMMP1L, IMMP2L, IMMT, IMP3, IMP4, IMPA1, IMPA2, IMPACT, IMPAD1, IMPDH1, IMPDH2, IMPG1, IMPG2, INA, INAFM1, INAFM2, INAVA, INCA1, INCENP, INF2, ING1, ING2, ING3, ING4, ING5, INHA, INHBA, INHBB, INHBC, INHBE, INIP, INMT, INMT-MINDY4, INO80, INO80B, INO80B-WBP1, INO80C, INO80D, INO80E, INPP1, INPP4A, INPP4B, INPP5A, INPP5B, INPP5D, INPP5E, INPP5F, INPP5J, INPP5K, INPPL1, INS, INSC, INSIG1, INSIG2, INS-IGF2, INSL3, INSL4, INSL5, INSL6, INSM1, INSM2, INSR, INSRR, INTS1, INTS10, INTS11, INTS12, INTS13, INTS14, INTS2, INTS3, INTS4, INTS5, INTS6, INTS6L, INTS7, INTS8, INTS9, INTU, INVS, IP6K1, IP6K2, IP6K3, IPCEF1, IPMK, IPO11, IPO13, IPO4, IPO5, IPO7, IPO8, IPO9, IPP, IPPK, IQANK1, IQCA1, IQCA1L, IQCB1, IQCC, IQCD, IQCE, IQCF1, IQCF2, IQCF3, IQCF5, IQCF6, IQCG, IQCH, IQCJ, IQCJ-SCHIP1, IQCK, IQCM, IQGAP1, IQGAP2, IQGAP3, IQSEC1, IQSEC2, IQSEC3, IQUB, IREB2, IRF1, IRF2, IRF2BP1, IRF2BP2, IRF2BPL, IRF3, IRF4, IRF5, IRF6, IRF7, IRF8, IRF9, IRGC, IRGM, IRGQ, IRS1, IRS2, IRS4, IRX1, IRX2, IRX3, IRX4, IRX5, IRX6, ISCA1, ISCA2, ISCU, ISG15, ISG20, ISG20L2, ISL1, ISL2, ISLR, ISLR2, ISM1, ISM2, ISOC1, ISOC2, ISPD, IST1, ISX, ISY1, ISY1-RAB43, ISYNA1, ITCH, ITFG1, ITFG2, ITGA1, ITGA10, ITGA11, ITGA2, ITGA2B, ITGA3, ITGA4, ITGA5, ITGA6, ITGA7, ITGA8, ITGA9, ITGAD, ITGAE, ITGAL, ITGAM, ITGAV, ITGAX, ITGB1, ITGB1BP1, ITGB1BP2, ITGB2, ITGB3, ITGB3BP, ITGB4, ITGB5, ITGB6, ITGB7, ITGB8, ITGBL1, ITIH1, ITIH2, ITIH3, ITIH4, ITIH5, ITIH6, ITK, ITLN1, ITLN2, ITM2A, ITM2B, ITM2C, ITPA, ITPK1, ITPKA, ITPKB, ITPKC, ITPR1, ITPR2, ITPR3, ITPRIP, ITPRIPL1, ITPRIPL2, ITSN1, ITSN2, IVD, IVL, IVNS1ABP, IWS1, IYD, IZUMO1, IZUMO1R, IZUMO2, IZUMO3, IZUMO4, JADE1, JADE2, JADE3, JAG1, JAG2, JAGN1, JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, JAKMIP1, JAKMIP2, JAKMIP3, JAM2, JAM3, JAML, JARID2, JAZF1, JCAD, JCHAIN, JDP2, JKAMP, JMJD1C, JMJD4, JMJD6, JMJD7, JMJD7-PLA2G4B, JMJD8, JMY, JOSD1, JOSD2, JPH1, JPH2, JPH3, JPH4, JPT1, JPT2, JRK, JRKL, JSRP1, JTB, JUN, JUNB, JUND, JUP, KAAG1, KALRN, KANK1, KANK2, KANK3, KANK4, KANSL1, KANSL1L, KANSL2, KANSL3, KANTR, KARS, KAT14, KAT2A, KAT2B, KAT5, KAT6A, KAT6B, KAT7, KAT8, KATNA1, KATNAL1, KATNAL2, KATNB1, KATNBL1, KAZALD1, KAZN, KBTBD11, KBTBD11-OT1, KBTBD12, KBTBD13, KBTBD2, KBTBD3, KBTBD4, KBTBD6, KBTBD7, KBTBD8, KCMF1, KCNA1, KCNA10, KCNA2, KCNA3, KCNA4, KCNA5, KCNA7, KCNAB1, KCNAB2, KCNAB3, KCNB1, KCNB2, KCNC1, KCNC2, KCNC3, KCNC4, KCND1, KCND2, KCND3, KCNE1, KCNE1B, KCNE2, KCNE3, KCNE4, KCNE5, KCNF1, KCNG1, KCNG2, KCNG3, KCNG4, KCNH1, KCNH2, KCNH3, KCNH4, KCNH5, KCNH6, KCNH7, KCNH8, KCNIP1, KCNIP2, KCNIP3, KCNIP4, KCNJ1, KCNJ10, KCNJ11, KCNJ12, KCNJ13, KCNJ14, KCNJ15, KCNJ16, KCNJ18, KCNJ2, KCNJ3, KCNJ4, KCNJ5, KCNJ6, KCNJ8, KCNJ9, KCNK1, KCNK10, KCNK12, KCNK13, KCNK15, KCNK16, KCNK17, KCNK18, KCNK2, KCNK3, KCNK4, KCNK5, KCNK6, KCNK7, KCNK9, KCNMA1, KCNMB1, KCNMB2, KCNMB3, KCNMB4, KCNN1, KCNN2, KCNN3, KCNN4, KCNQ1, KCNQ2, KCNQ3, KCNQ4, KCNQ5, KCNRG, KCNS1, KCNS2, KCNS3, KCNT1, KCNT2, KCNU1, KCNV1, KCNV2, KCP, KCTD1, KCTD10, KCTD11, KCTD12, KCTD13, KCTD14, KCTD15, KCTD16, KCTD17, KCTD18, KCTD19, KCTD2, KCTD20, KCTD21, KCTD3, KCTD4, KCTD5, KCTD6, KCTD7, KCTD8, KCTD9, KDELC1, KDELC2, KDELR1, KDELR2, KDELR3, KDF1, KDM1A, KDM1B, KDM2A, KDM2B, KDM3A, KDM3B, KDM4A, KDM4B, KDM4C, KDM4D, KDM4E, KDM4F, KDM5A, KDM5B, KDM5C, KDM5D, KDM6A, KDM6B, KDM7A, KDM8, KDR, KDSR, KEAP1, KEL, KERA, KF459570.1, KHDC1, KHDC1L, KHDC3L, KHDRBS1, KHDRBS2, KHDRBS3, KHK, KHNYN, KHSRP, KIAA0040, KIAA0100, KIAA0141, KIAA0232, KIAA0319, KIAA0319L, KIAA0355, KIAA0368, KIAA0391, KIAA0408, KIAA0513, KIAA0556, KIAA0586, KIAA0753, KIAA0825, KIAA0895, KIAA0895L, KIAA0907, KIAA0930, KIAA1024, KIAA1024L, KIAA1107, KIAA1109, KIAA1143, KIAA1147, KIAA1161, KIAA1191, KIAA1210, KIAA1211, KIAA1211L, KIAA1217, KIAA1257, KIAA1324, KIAA1324L, KIAA1328, KIAA1456, KIAA1468, KIAA1522, KIAA1524, KIAA1549, KIAA1549L, KIAA1551, KIAA1586, KIAA1614, KIAA1644, KIAA1671, KIAA1683, KIAA1755, KIAA1841, KIAA1958, KIAA2012, KIAA2013, KIAA2026, KIDINS220, KIF11, KIF12, KIF13A, KIF13B, KIF14, KIF15, KIF16B, KIF17, KlF18A, KIF18B, KIF19, KIF1A, KIF1B, KIF1BP, KIF1C, KIF20A, KIF20B, KIF21A, KIF21B, KIF22, KIF23, KIF24, KIF25, KIF26A, KIF26B, KIF27, KIF2A, KIF2B, KIF2C, KIF3A, KIF3B, KIF3C, KIF4A, KIF4B, KIF5A, KIF5B, KIF5C, KIF6, KIF7, KIF9, KIFAP3, KIFC1, KIFC2, KIFC3, KIN, KIR2DL1, KIR2DL2, KIR2DL3, KIR2DL4, KIR2DL5A, KIR2DL5B, KIR2DP1, KIR2DS1, KIR2DS2, KIR2DS3, KIR2DS4, KIR2DS5, KIR3DL1, KIR3DL2, KIR3DL3, KIR3DP1, KIR3DS1, KIR3DX1, KIRREL1, KIRREL2, KIRREL3, KISS1, KISS1R, KIT, KITLG, KIZ, KL, KLB, KLC1, KLC2, KLC3, KLC4, KLF1, KLF10, KLF11, KLF12, KLF13, KLF14, KLF15, KLF16, KLF17, KLF18, KLF2, KLF3, KLF4, KLF5, KLF6, KLF7, KLF8, KLF9, KLHDC1, KLHDC10, KLHDC2, KLHDC3, KLHDC4, KLHDC7A, KLHDC7B, KLHDC8A, KLHDC8B, KLHDC9, KLHL1, KLHL10, KLHL11, KLHL12, KLHL13, KLHL14, KLHL15, KLHL17, KLHL18, KLHL2, KLHL20, KLHL21, KLHL22, KLHL23, KLHL24, KLHL25, KLHL26, KLHL28, KLHL29, KLHL3, KLHL30, KLHL31, KLHL32, KLHL33, KLHL34, KLHL35, KLHL36, KLHL38, KLHL4, KLHL40, KLHL41, KLHL42, KLHL5, KLHL6, KLHL7, KLHL8, KLHL9, KLK1, KLK10, KLK11, KLK12, KLK13, KLK14, KLK15, KLK2, KLK3, KLK4, KLK5, KLK6, KLK7, KLK8, KLK9, KLKB1, KLLN, KLRB1, KLRC1, KLRC2, KLRC3, KLRC4, KLRC4-KLRK1, KLRD1, KLRF1, KLRF2, KLRG1, KLRG2, KLRK1, KMO, KMT2A, KMT2B, KMT2C, KMT2D, KMT2E, KMT5A, KMT5B, KMT5C, KNCN, KNDC1, KNG1, KNL1, KNOP1, KNSTRN, KNTC1, KP420437.1, KP420437.2, KP420437.3, KP420439.1, KP420440.1, KP420440.2, KP420440.3, KP420440.4, KP420440.5, KP420440.6, KP420440.7, KP420440.8, KP420440.9, KP420441.1, KP420441.2, KP420441.3, KP420441.4, KP420441.5, KP420442.2, KP420442.3, KP420443.1, KP420444.1, KP420444.2, KP420444.3, KP420444.4, KP420444.5, KP420444.6, KP420444.7, KP420446.1, KP420446.2, KPNA1, KPNA2, KPNA3, KPNA4, KPNA5, KPNA6, KPNA7, KPNB1, KPRP, KPTN, KRAS, KRBA1, KRBA2, KRBOX1, KRBOX4, KRCC1, KREMEN1, KREMEN2, KRI1, KRIT1, KRR1, KRT1, KRT10, KRT12, KRT13, KRT14, KRT15, KRT16, KRT17, KRT18, KRT19, KRT2, KRT20, KRT222, KRT23, KRT24, KRT25, KRT26, KRT27, KRT28, KRT3, KRT31, KRT32, KRT33A, KRT33B, KRT34, KRT35, KRT36, KRT37, KRT38, KRT39, KRT4, KRT40, KRT5, KRT6A, KRT6B, KRT6C, KRT7, KRT71, KRT72, KRT73, KRT74, KRT75, KRT76, KRT77, KRT78, KRT79, KRT8, KRT80, KRT81, KRT82, KRT83, KRT84, KRT85, KRT86, KRT9, KRTAP10-1, KRTAP10-10, KRTAP10-11, KRTAP10-12, KRTAP10-2, KRTAP10-3, KRTAP10-4, KRTAP10-5, KRTAP10-6, KRTAP10-7, KRTAP10-8, KRTAP10-9, KRTAP1-1, KRTAP11-1, KRTAP12-1, KRTAP12-2, KRTAP12-3, KRTAP12-4, KRTAP1-3, KRTAP13-1, KRTAP13-2, KRTAP13-3, KRTAP13-4, KRTAP1-4, KRTAP1-5, KRTAP15-1, KRTAP16-1, KRTAP17-1, KRTAP19-1, KRTAP19-2, KRTAP19-3, KRTAP19-4, KRTAP19-5, KRTAP19-6, KRTAP19-7, KRTAP19-8, KRTAP20-1, KRTAP20-2, KRTAP20-3, KRTAP20-4, KRTAP2-1, KRTAP21-1, KRTAP21-2, KRTAP21-3, KRTAP2-2, KRTAP22-1, KRTAP22-2, KRTAP2-3, KRTAP23-1, KRTAP2-4, KRTAP24-1, KRTAP25-1, KRTAP26-1, KRTAP27-1, KRTAP29-1, KRTAP3-1, KRTAP3-2, KRTAP3-3, KRTAP4-1, KRTAP4-11, KRTAP4-12, KRTAP4-16, KRTAP4-2, KRTAP4-3, KRTAP4-4, KRTAP4-5, KRTAP4-6, KRTAP4-7, KRTAP4-8, KRTAP4-9, KRTAP5-1, KRTAP5-10, KRTAP5-11, KRTAP5-2, KRTAP5-3, KRTAP5-4, KRTAP5-5, KRTAP5-6, KRTAP5-7, KRTAP5-8, KRTAP5-9, KRTAP6-1, KRTAP6-2, KRTAP6-3, KRTAP7-1, KRTAP8-1, KRTAP9-1, KRTAP9-2, KRTAP9-3, KRTAP9-4, KRTAP9-6, KRTAP9-7, KRTAP9-8, KRTAP9-9, KRTCAP2, KRTCAP3, KRTDAP, KSR1, KSR2, KTI12, KTN1, KU645196.1, KU645196.2, KU645196.3, KU645196.4, KU645196.5, KU645196.6, KU645196.7, KU645196.8, KU645196.9, KU645197.1, KU645197.2, KU645197.3, KU645197.4, KU645197.5, KU645198.1, KXD1, KY, KYAT1, KYAT3, KYNU, L1CAM, L1TD1, L2HGDH, L34079.1, L3HYPDH, L3MBTL1, L3MBTL2, L3MBTL3, L3MBTL4, LACC1, LACRT, LACTB, LACTB2, LACTBL1, LAD1, LAG3, LAGE3, LAIR1, LAIR2, LALBA, LAMA1, LAMA2, LAMA3, LAMA4, LAMA5, LAMB1, LAMB2, LAMB3, LAMB4, LAMC1, LAMC2, LAMC3, LAMP1, LAMP2, LAMP3, LAMP5, LAMTOR1, LAMTOR2, LAMTOR3, LAMTOR4, LAMTOR5, LANCL1, LANCL2, LANCL3, LAP3, LAPTM4A, LAPTM4B, LAPTM5, LARGE1, LARGE2, LARP1, LARP1B, LARP4, LARP4B, LARP6, LARP7, LARS, LARS2, LAS1L, LASP1, LAT, LAT2, LATS1, LATS2, LAX1, LAYN, LBH, LBHD1, LBP, LBR, LBX1, LBX2, LCA5, LCA5L, LCAT, LCE1A, LCE1B, LCE1C, LCE1D, LCE1E, LCE1F, LCE2A, LCE2B, LCE2C, LCE2D, LCE3A, LCE3B, LCE3C, LCE3D, LCE3E, LCE4A, LCE5A, LCE6A, LCK, LCLAT1, LCMT1, LCMT2, LCN1, LCN10, LCN12, LCN15, LCN2, LCN6, LCN8, LCN9, LCNL1, LCOR, LCORL, LCP1, LCP2, LCT, LCTL, LDAH, LDB1, LDB2, LDB3, LDHA, LDHAL6A, LDHAL6B, LDHB, LDHC, LDHD, LDLR, LDLRAD1, LDLRAD2, LDLRAD3, LDLRAD4, LDLRAP1, LDOC1, LEAP2, LECT2, LEF1, LEFTY1, LEFTY2, LEKR1, LELP1, LEMD1, LEMD2, LEMD3, LENEP, LENG1, LENG8, LENG9, LEO1, LEP, LEPR, LEPROT, LEPROTL1, LETM1, LETM2, LETMD1, LEUTX, LEXM, LFNG, LGALS1, LGALS12, LGALS13, LGALS14, LGALS16, LGALS2, LGALS3, LGALS3BP, LGALS4, LGALS7, LGALS7B, LGALS8, LGALS9, LGALS9B, LGALS9C, LGALSL, LGI1, LGI2, LGI3, LGI4, LGMN, LGR4, LGR5, LGR6, LGSN, LHB, LHCGR, LHFPL1, LHFPL2, LHFPL3, LHFPL4, LHFPL5, LHFPL6, LHPP, LHX1, LHX2, LHX3, LHX4, LHX5, LHX6, LHX8, LHX9, LIAS, LIF, LIFR, LIG1, LIG3, LIG4, LILRA1, LILRA2, LILRA3, LILRA4, LILRA5, LILRA6, LILRB1, LILRB2, LILRB3, LILRB4, LILRB5, LIM2, LIMA1, LIMCH1, LIMD1, LIMD2, LIME1, LIMK1, LIMK2, LIMS1, LIMS2, LIMS3, LIMS4, LIN28A, LIN28B, LIN37, LIN52, LIN54, LIN7A, LIN7B, LIN7C, LIN9, LINC00094, LINC00116, LINC00282, LINC00672, LINC00675, LINC00694, LINC00854, LINC00890, LINC00959, LINC01125, LINC01556, LINC02210-CRHR1, LINGO 1, LING02, LINGO3, LING04, LINS1, LIPA, LIPC, LIPE, LIPF, LIPG, LIPH, LIPI, LIPJ, LIPK, LIPM, LIPN, LIPT1, LIPT2, LITAF, LIX1, LIX1L, LKAAEAR1, LLGL1, LLGL2, LLPH, LMAN1, LMAN1L, LMAN2, LMAN2L, LMBR1, LMBR1L, LMBRD1, LMBRD2, LMCD1, LMF1, LMF2, LMLN, LMNA, LMNB1, LMNB2, LMNTD1, LMNTD2, LMO1, LMO2, LMO3, LMO4, LMO7, LM07DN, LMOD1, LMOD2, LMOD3, LMTK2, LMTK3, LMX1A, LMX1B, LNP1, LNPEP, LNPK, LNX1, LNX2, L0000005.1, LONP1, LONP2, LONRF1, LONRF2, LONRF3, LOR, LOX, LOXHD1, LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3, LOXL4, LPA, LPAR1, LPAR2, LPAR3, LPAR4, LPAR5, LPAR6, LPCAT1, LPCAT2, LPCAT3, LPCAT4, LPGAT1, LPIN1, LPIN2, LPIN3, LPL, LPO, LPP, LPXN, LRAT, LRBA, LRCH1, LRCH2, LRCH3, LRCH4, LRCOL1, LRFN1, LRFN2, LRFN3, LRFN4, LRFN5, LRG1, LRGUK, LRIF1, LRIG1, LRIG2, LRIG3, LRIT1, LRIT2, LRIT3, LRMDA, LRMP, LRP1, LRP10, LRP11, LRP12, LRP1B, LRP2, LRP2BP, LRP3, LRP4, LRP5, LRP5L, LRP6, LRP8, LRPAP1, LRPPRC, LRR1, LRRC1, LRRC10, LRRC10B, LRRC14, LRRC14B, LRRC15, LRRC17, LRRC18, LRRC19, LRRC2, LRRC20, LRRC23, LRRC24, LRRC25, LRRC26, LRRC27, LRRC28, LRRC29, LRRC3, LRRC30, LRRC31, LRRC32, LRRC34, LRRC36, LRRC37A, LRRC37A2, LRRC37A3, LRRC37B, LRRC38, LRRC39, LRRC3B, LRRC3C, LRRC4, LRRC40, LRRC41, LRRC42, LRRC43, LRRC45, LRRC46, LRRC47, LRRC49, LRRC4B, LRRC4C, LRRC52, LRRC53, LRRC55, LRRC56, LRRC57, LRRC58, LRRC59, LRRC6, LRRC61, LRRC63, LRRC66, LRRC69, LRRC7, LRRC70, LRRC71, LRRC72, LRRC73, LRRC74A, LRRC74B, LRRC75A, LRRC75B, LRRC8A, LRRC8B, LRRC8C, LRRC8D, LRRC8E, LRRC9, LRRCC1, LRRD1, LRRFIP1, LRRFIP2, LRRIQ1, LRRIQ3, LRRIQ4, LRRK1, LRRK2, LRRN1, LRRN2, LRRN3, LRRN4, LRRN4CL, LRRTM1, LRRTM2, LRRTM3, LRRTM4, LRSAM1, LRTM1, LRTM2, LRTOMT, LRWD1, LSAMP, LSG1, LSM1, LSM10, LSM11, LSM12, LSM14A, LSM14B, LSM2, LSM3, LSM4, LSM5, LSM6, LSM7, LSM8, LSMEM1, LSMEM2, LSP1, LSR, LSS, LST1, LTA, LTA4H, LTB, LTB4R, LTB4R2, LTBP1, LTBP2, LTBP3, LTBP4, LTBR, LTC4S, LTF, LTK, LTN1, LTV1, LUC7L, LUC7L2, LUC7L3, LUM, LURAP1, LURAP1L, LUZP1, LUZP2, LUZP4, LUZP6, LVRN, LXN, LY6D, LY6E, LY6G5B, LY6G5C, LY6G6C, LY6G6D, LY6G6E, LY6G6F, LY6H, LY6K, LY6L, LY75, LY75-CD302, LY86, LY9, LY96, LYAR, LYG1, LYG2, LYL1, LYN, LYNX1, LYPD1, LYPD2, LYPD3, LYPD4, LYPD5, LYPD6, LYPD6B, LYPD8, LYPLA1, LYPLA2, LYPLAL1, LYRM1, LYRM2, LYRM4, LYRM7, LYRM9, LYSMD1, LYSMD2, LYSMD3, LYSMD4, LYST, LYVE1, LYZ, LYZL1, LYZL2, LYZL4, LYZL6, LZIC, LZTFL1, LZTR1, LZTS1, LZTS2, LZTS3, M1AP, M6PR, MAATS1, MAB21L1, MAB21L2, MAB21L3, MACC1, MACF1, MACROD1, MACROD2, MAD1L1, MAD2L1, MAD2L1BP, MAD2L2, MADCAM1, MADD, MAEA, MAEL, MAF, MAF1, MAFA, MAFB, MAFF, MAFG, MAFK, MAG, MAGEA1, MAGEA10, MAGEA11, MAGEA12, MAGEA2, MAGEA2B, MAGEA3, MAGEA4, MAGEA6, MAGEA8, MAGEA9, MAGEA9B, MAGEB1, MAGEB10, MAGEB16, MAGEB17, MAGEB18, MAGEB2, MAGEB3, MAGEB4, MAGEB5, MAGEB6, MAGEB6P1, MAGEC1, MAGEC2, MAGEC3, MAGED1, MAGED2, MAGED4, MAGED4B, MAGEE1, MAGEE2, MAGEF1, MAGEH1, MAGEL2, MAGI1, MAGI2, MAGI3, MAGIX, MAGOH, MAGOHB, MAGT1, MAIP1, MAJIN, MAK, MAK16, MAL, MAL2, MALL, MALRD1, MALSU1, MALT1, MAMDC2, MAMDC4, MAML1, MAML2, MAML3, MAMLD1, MAMSTR, MAN1A1, MAN1A2, MAN1B1, MAN1C1, MAN2A1, MAN2A2, MAN2B1, MAN2B2, MAN2C1, MANBA, MANBAL, MANEA, MANEAL, MANF, MANSC1, MANSC4, MAOA, MAOB, MAP10, MAP1A, MAP1B, MAP1LC3A, MAP1LC3B, MAP1LC3B2, MAP1LC3C, MAP1S, MAP2, MAP2K1, MAP2K2, MAP2K3, MAP2K4, MAP2K5, MAP2K6, MAP2K7, MAP3K1, MAP3K10, MAP3K11, MAP3K12, MAP3K13, MAP3K14, MAP3K15, MAP3K19, MAP3K2, MAP3K20, MAP3K21, MAP3K3, MAP3K4, MAP3K5, MAP3K6, MAP3K7, MAP3K7CL, MAP3K8, MAP3K9, MAP4, MAP4K1, MAP4K2, MAP4K3, MAP4K4, MAP4K5, MAP6, MAP6D1, MAP7, MAP7D1, MAP7D2, MAP7D3, MAP9, MAPK1, MAPK10, MAPK11, MAPK12, MAPK13, MAPK14, MAPK15, MAPK1IP1L, MAPK3, MAPK4, MAPK6, MAPK7, MAPK8, MAPK8IP1, MAPK8IP2, MAPK8IP3, MAPK9, MAPKAP1, MAPKAPK2, MAPKAPK3, MAPKAPK5, MAPKBP1, MAPRE1, MAPRE2, MAPRE3, MAPT, MARC1, MARC2, MARCH1, MARCH10, MARCH11, MARCH2, MARCH3, MARCH4, MARCH5, MARCH6, MARCH7, MARCH8, MARCH9, MARCKS, MARCKSL1, MARCO, MARF1, MARK1, MARK2, MARK3, MARK4, MARS, MARS2, MARVELD1, MARVELD2, MARVELD3, MAS1, MAS1L, MASP1, MASP2, MAST1, MAST2, MAST3, MAST4, MASTL, MAT1A, MAT2A, MAT2B, MATK, MATN1, MATN2, MATN3, MATN4, MATR3, MAU2, MAVS, MAX, MAZ, MB, MB21D1, MB21D2, MBD1, MBD2, MBD3, MBD3L1, MBD3L2, MBD3L2B, MBD3L3, MBD3L4, MBD3L5, MBD4, MBD5, MBD6, MBIP, MBL2, MBLAC1, MBLAC2, MBNL1, MBNL2, MBNL3, MBOAT1, MBOAT2, MBOAT4, MBOAT7, MBP, MBTD1, MBTPS1, MBTPS2, MC1R, MC2R, MC3R, MC4R, MC5R, MCAM, MCAT, MCC, MCCC1, MCCC2, MCCD1, MCEE, MCEMP1, MCF2, MCF2L, MCF2L2, MCFD2, MCHR1, MCHR2, MCIDAS, MCL1, MCM10, MCM2, MCM3, MCM3AP, MCM4, MCM5, MCM6, MCM7, MCM8, MCM9, MCMBP, MCMDC2, MCOLN1, MCOLN2, MCOLN3, MCPH1, MCRIP1, MCRIP2, MCRS1, MCTP1, MCTP2, MCTS1, MCU, MCUB, MCUR1, MDC1, MDFI, MDFIC, MDFIC2, MDGA1, MDGA2, MDH1, MDH1B, MDH2, MDK, MDM1, MDM2, MDM4, MDN1, MDP1, MDS2, ME1, ME2, ME3, MEA1, MEAF6, MECOM, MECP2, MECR, MED1, MED10, MED11, MED12, MED12L, MED13, MED13L, MED14, MED14OS, MED15, MED16, MED17, MED18, MED19, MED20, MED21, MED22, MED23, MED24, MED25, MED26, MED27, MED28, MED29, MED30, MED31, MED4, MED6, MED7, MED8, MED9, MEDAG, MEF2A, MEF2B, MEF2C, MEF2D, MEFV, MEGF10, MEGF11, MEGF6, MEGF8, MEGF9, MEI1, MEI4, MEIG1, MEIKIN, MEIOB, MEIOC, MEIS1, MEIS2, MEIS3, MELK, MELTF, MEMO1, MEN1, MEOX1, MEOX2, MEP1A, MEP1B, MEPCE, MEPE, MERTK, MESD, MESP1, MESP2, MEST, MET, METAP1, METAP1D, METAP2, METRN, METRNL, METTL1, METTL11B, METTL12, METTL13, METTL14, METTL15, METTL16, METTL17, METTL18, METTL21A, METTL21C, METTL22, METTL23, METTL24, METTL25, METTL26, METTL27, METTL2A, METTL2B, METTL3, METTL4, METTL5, METTL6, METTL7A, METTL7B, METTL8, METTL9, MEX3A, MEX3B, MEX3C, MEX3D, MFAP1, MFAP2, MFAP3, MFAP3L, MFAP4, MFAP5, MFF, MFGE8, MFHAS1, MFN1, MFN2, MFNG, MFRP, MFSD1, MFSD10, MFSD11, MFSD12, MFSD13A, MFSD14A, MFSD14B, MFSD14C, MFSD2A, MFSD2B, MFSD3, MFSD4A, MFSD4B, MFSD5, MFSD6, MFSD6L, MFSD7, MFSD8, MFSD9, MGA, MGAM, MGAM2, MGARP, MGAT1, MGAT2, MGAT3, MGAT4A, MGAT4B, MGAT4C, MGAT4D, MGAT5, MGAT5B, MGEA5, MGLL, MGME1, MGMT, MGP, MGRN1, MGST1, MGST2, MGST3, MIA, MIA3, MIA-RAB4B, MIB1, MIB2, MICA, MICAL1, MICAL2, MICAL3, MICALCL, MICALL1, MICALL2, MICB, MICU1, MICU2, MICU3, MIDI, MID1IP1, MID2, MIDN, MIEF1, MIEF2, MIEN1, MIER1, MIER2, MIER3, MIF, MIF4GD, MIGA1, MIGA2, MIIP, MILR1, MINDY1, MINDY2, MINDY3, MINDY4, MINDY4B, MINK1, MINOS1, MINOS1-NBL1, MINPP1, MIOS, MIOX, MIP, MIPEP, MIPOL1, MIS12, MIS18A, MIS18BP1, MISP, MISP3, MITD1, MITF, MIXL1, MKI67, MKKS, MKL1, MKL2, MKLN1, MKNK1, MKNK2, MKRN1, MKRN2, MKRN2OS, MKRN3, MKS1, MKX, MLANA, MLC1, MLEC, MLF1, MLF2, MLH1, MLH3, MLIP, MLKL, MLLT1, MLLT10, MLLT11, MLLT3, MLLT6, MLN, MLNR, MLPH, MLST8, MLX, MLXIP, MLXIPL, MLYCD, MMAA, MMAB, MMACHC, MMADHC, MMD, MMD2, MME, MMEL1, MMGT1, MMP1, MMP10, MMP11, MMP12, MMP13, MMP14, MMP15, MMP16, MMP17, MMP19, MMP2, MMP20, MMP21, MMP23B, MMP24, MMP24-AS1, MMP25, MMP26, MMP27, MMP28, MMP3, MMP7, MMP8, MMP9, MMRN1, MMRN2, MMS19, MMS22L, MN1, MNAT1, MND1, MNDA, MNS1, MNT, MNX1, MOAP1, MOB1A, MOB1B, MOB2, MOB3A, MOB3B, MOB3C, MOB4, MOBP, MOCOS, MOCS1, MOCS2, MOCS3, MOG, MOGAT1, MOGAT2, MOGAT3, MOGS, MOK, MON1A, MON1B, MON2, MORC1, MORC2, MORC3, MORC4, MORF4L1, MORF4L2, MORN1, MORN2, MORN3, MORN4, MORN5, MOS, MOSPD1, MOSPD2, MOSPD3, MOV10, MOV10L1, MOXD1, MPC1, MPC1L, MPC2, MPDU1, MPDZ, MPEG1, MPG, MPHOSPH10, MPHOSPH6, MPHOSPH8, MPHOSPH9, MPI, MPIG6B, MPL, MPLKIP, MPND, MPO, MPP1, MPP2, MPP3, MPP4, MPP5, MPP6, MPP7, MPPE1, MPPED1, MPPED2, MPRIP, MPST, MPV17, MPV17L, MPV17L2, MPZ, MPZL1, MPZL2, MPZL3, MR1, MRAP, MRAP2, MRAS, MRC1, MRC2, MRE11, MREG, MRFAP1, MRFAP1L1, MRGBP, MRGPRD, MRGPRE, MRGPRF, MRGPRG, MRGPRX1, MRGPRX2, MRGPRX3, MRGPRX4, MRI1, MRLN, MRM1, MRM2, MRM3, MRNIP, MRO, MROH1, MROH2A, MROH2B, MROH5, MROH6, MROH7, MROH7-TTC4, MROH8, MROH9, MRPL1, MRPL10, MRPL11, MRPL12, MRPL13, MRPL14, MRPL15, MRPL16, MRPL17, MRPL18, MRPL19, MRPL2, MRPL20, MRPL21, MRPL22, MRPL23, MRPL24, MRPL27, MRPL28, MRPL3, MRPL30, MRPL32, MRPL33, MRPL34, MRPL35, MRPL36, MRPL37, MRPL38, MRPL39, MRPL4, MRPL40, MRPL41, MRPL42, MRPL43, MRPL44, MRPL45, MRPL46, MRPL47, MRPL48, MRPL49, MRPL50, MRPL51, MRPL52, MRPL53, MRPL54, MRPL55, MRPL57, MRPL58, MRPL9, MRPS10, MRPS11, MRPS12, MRPS14, MRPS15, MRPS16, MRPS17, MRPS18A, MRPS18B, MRPS18C, MRPS2, MRPS21, MRPS22, MRPS23, MRPS24, MRPS25, MRPS26, MRPS27, MRPS28, MRPS30, MRPS31, MRPS33, MRPS34, MRPS35, MRPS36, MRPS5, MRPS6, MRPS7, MRPS9, MRRF, MRS2, MRTO4, MRVI1, MS4A1, MS4A10, MS4A12, MS4A13, MS4A14, MS4A15, MS4A2, MS4A3, MS4A4A, MS4A4E, MS4A5, MS4A6A, MS4A6E, MS4A7, MS4A8, MSANTD1, MSANTD2, MSANTD3, MSANTD3-TMEFF1, MSANTD4, MSC, MSGN1, MSH2, MSH3, MSH4, MSH5, MSH5-SAPCD1, MSH6, MSI1, MSI2, MSL1, MSL2, MSL3, MSLN, MSLNL, MSMB, MSMO1, MSMP, MSN, MSR1, MSRA, MSRB1, MSRB2, MSRB3, MSS51, MST1, MST1R, MSTN, MSTO1, MSX1, MSX2, MT1A, MT1B, MT1E, MT1F, MT1G, MT1H, MT1HL1, MT1M, MT1X, MT2A, MT3, MT4, MTA1, MTA2, MTA3, MTAP, MT-ATP6, MT-ATP8, MTBP, MTCH1, MTCH2, MTCL1, MT-CO1, MT-CO2, MT-CO3, MTCP1, MT-CYB, MTDH, MTERF1, MTERF2, MTERF3, MTERF4, MTF1, MTF2, MTFMT, MTFP1, MTFR1, MTFR1L, MTFR2, MTG1, MTG2, MTHFD1, MTHFD1L, MTHFD2, MTHFD2L, MTHFR, MTHFS, MTHFSD, MTIF2, MTIF3, MTM1, MTMR1, MTMR10, MTMR11, MTMR12, MTMR14, MTMR2, MTMR3, MTMR4, MTMR6, MTMR7, MTMR8, MTMR9, MT-ND1, MT-ND2, MT-ND3, MT-ND4, MT-ND4L, MT-ND5, MT-ND6, MTNR1A, MTNR1B, MTO1, MTOR, MTPAP, MTPN, MTR, MTRF1, MTRF1L, MTRNR2L1, MTRNR2L10, MTRNR2L11, MTRNR2L12, MTRNR2L13, MTRNR2L3, MTRNR2L4, MTRNR2L5, MTRNR2L6, MTRNR2L7, MTRNR2L8, MTRR, MTSS1, MTSS1L, MTTP, MTURN, MTUS1, MTUS2, MTX1, MTX2, MTX3, MUC1, MUC12, MUC13, MUC15, MUC16, MUC17, MUC2, MUC20, MUC21, MUC22, MUC3A, MUC4, MUC5AC, MUC5B, MUC6, MUC7, MUCL1, MUL1, MUM1, MUM1L1, MUS81, MUSK, MUSTN1, MUT, MUTYH, MVB12A, MVB12B, MVD, MVK, MVP, MX1, MX2, MXD1, MXD3, MXD4, MXI1, MXRA5, MXRA7, MXRA8, MYADM, MYADML2, MYB, MYBBP1A, MYBL1, MYBL2, MYBPC1, MYBPC2, MYBPC3, MYBPH, MYBPHL, MYC, MYCBP, MYCBP2, MYCBPAP, MYCL, MYCN, MYCT1, MYD88, MYDGF, MYEF2, MYEOV, MYF5, MYF6, MYH1, MYH10, MYH11, MYH13, MYH14, MYH15, MYH2, MYH3, MYH4, MYH6, MYH7, MYH7B, MYH8, MYH9, MYL1, MYL10, MYL12A, MYL12B, MYL2, MYL3, MYL4, MYL5, MYL6, MYL6B, MYL7, MYL9, MYLIP, MYLK, MYLK2, MYLK3, MYLK4, MYLPF, MYMK, MYMX, MYNN, MYO10, MYO15A, MYO15B, MY016, MYO18A, MYO18B, MYO19, MYO1A, MYO1B, MYO1C, MYO1D, MYO1E, MYO1F, MYO1G, MYO1H, MYO3A, MYO3B, MYO5A, MYO5B, MYO5C, MYO6, MYO7A, MYO7B, MYO9A, MYO9B, MYOC, MYOCD, MYOCOS, MYOD1, MYOF, MYOG, MYOM1, MYOM2, MYOM3, MYOT, MYOZ1, MYOZ2, MYOZ3, MYPN, MYPOP, MYRF, MYRFL, MYRIP, MYSM1, MYT1, MYT1L, MYZAP, MZB1, MZF1, MZT1, MZT2A, MZT2B, N4BP1, N4BP2, N4BP2L1, N4BP2L2, N4BP3, N6AMT1, NAA10, NAA11, NAA15, NAA16, NAA20, NAA25, NAA30, NAA35, NAA38, NAA40, NAA50, NAA60, NAAA, NAALAD2, NAALADL1, NAALADL2, NAB1, NAB2, NABP1, NABP2, NACA, NACA2, NACAD, NACC1, NACC2, NADK, NADK2, NADSYN1, NAE1, NAF1, NAGA, NAGK, NAGLU, NAGPA, NAGS, NAIF1, NAIP, NALCN, NAMPT, NANOG, NANOGNB, NANOGP8, NANOS1, NANOS2, NANOS3, NANP, NANS, NAP1L1, NAP1L2, NAP1L3, NAP1L4, NAP1L5, NAPA, NAPB, NAPEPLD, NAPG, NAPRT, NAPSA, NARF, NARFL, NARS, NARS2, NASP, NAT 1, NAT 10, NAT 14, NAT 16, NAT2, NAT6, NAT8, NAT8B, NAT8L, NAT9, NATD1, NAV1, NAV2, NAV3, NAXD, NAXE, NBAS, NBDY, NBEA, NBEAL1, NBEAL2, NBL1, NBN, NBPF1, NBPF10, NBPF11, NBPF12, NBPF14, NBPF15, NBPF19, NBPF20, NBPF26, NBPF3, NBPF4, NBPF6, NBPF9, NBR1, NCALD, NCAM1, NCAM2, NCAN, NCAPD2, NCAPD3, NCAPG, NCAPG2, NCAPH, NCAPH2, NCBP1, NCBP2, NCBP2-AS2, NCBP2L, NCBP3, NCCRP1, NCDN, NCEH1, NCF1, NCF2, NCF4, NCK1, NCK2, NCKAP1, NCKAP1L, NCKAP5, NCKAP5L, NCKIPSD, NCL, NCLN, NCMAP, NCOA1, NCOA2, NCOA3, NCOA4, NCOA5, NCOA6, NCOA7, NCOR1, NCOR2, NCR1, NCR2, NCR3, NCR3LG1, NCS1, NCSTN, NDC1, NDC80, NDE1, NDEL1, NDFIP1, NDFIP2, NDN, NDNF, NDOR1, NDP, NDRG1, NDRG2, NDRG3, NDRG4, NDST1, NDST2, NDST3, NDST4, NDUFA1, NDUFA10, NDUFA11, NDUFA12, NDUFA13, NDUFA2, NDUFA3, NDUFA4, NDUFA4L2, NDUFA5, NDUFA6, NDUFA7, NDUFA8, NDUFA9, NDUFAB1, NDUFAF1, NDUFAF2, NDUFAF3, NDUFAF4, NDUFAF5, NDUFAF6, NDUFAF7, NDUFAF8, NDUFB1, NDUFB10, NDUFB11, NDUFB2, NDUFB3, NDUFB4, NDUFB5, NDUFB6, NDUFB7, NDUFB8, NDUFB9, NDUFC1, NDUFC2, NDUFC2-KCTD14, NDUFS1, NDUFS2, NDUFS3, NDUFS4, NDUFS5, NDUFS6, NDUFS7, NDUFS8, NDUFV1, NDUFV2, NDUFV3, NEB, NEBL, NECAB1, NECAB2, NECAB3, NECAP1, NECAP2, NECTIN1, NECTIN2, NECTIN3, NECTIN4, NEDD1, NEDD4, NEDD4L, NEDD8, NEDD8-MDP1, NEDD9, NEFH, NEFL, NEFM, NEGR1, NEIL1, NEIL2, NEIL3, NEK1, NEK10, NEK11, NEK2, NEK3, NEK4, NEK5, NEK6, NEK7, NEK8, NEK9, NELFA, NELFB, NELFCD, NELFE, NELL1, NELL2, NEMF, NEMP1, NEMP2, NENF, NEO1, NEPRO, NES, NET1, NETO1, NETO2, NEU1, NEU2, NEU3, NEU4, NEURL1, NEURL1B, NEURL2, NEURL3, NEURL4, NEUROD1, NEUROD2, NEUROD4, NEUROD6, NEUROG1, NEUROG2, NEUROG3, NEXMIF, NEXN, NF1, NF2, NFAM1, NFASC, NFAT5, NFATC1, NFATC2, NFATC2IP, NFATC3, NFATC4, NFE2, NFE2L1, NFE2L2, NFE2L3, NFE4, NFIA, NFIB, NFIC, NFIL3, NFIX, NFKB1, NFKB2, NFKBIA, NFKBIB, NFKBID, NFKBIE, NFKBIL1, NFKBIZ, NFRKB, NFS1, NFU1, NFX1, NFXL1, NFYA, NFYB, NFYC, NGB, NGDN, NGEF, NGF, NGFR, NGLY1, NGRN, NHEJ1, NHLH1, NHLH2, NHLRC1, NHLRC2, NHLRC3, NHLRC4, NHP2, NHS, NHSL1, NHSL2, NICN1, NID1, NID2, NIF3L1, NIFK, NIM1K, NIN, NINJ1, NINJ2, NINL, NIP7, NIPA1, NIPA2, NIPAL1, NIPAL2, NIPAL3, NIPAL4, NIPBL, NIPSNAP1, NIPSNAP2, NIPSNAP3A, NIPSNAP3B, NISCH, NIT1, NIT2, NKAIN1, NKAIN2, NKAIN3, NKAIN4, NKAP, NKAPL, NKD1, NKD2, NKG7, NKIRAS1, NKIRAS2, NKPD1, NKRF, NKTR, NKX1-1, NKX1-2, NKX2-1, NKX2-2, NKX2-3, NKX2-4, NKX2-5, NKX2-6, NKX2-8, NKX3-1, NKX3-2, NKX6-1, NKX6-2, NKX6-3, NLE1, NLGN1, NLGN2, NLGN3, NLGN4X, NLGN4Y, NLK, NLN, NLRC3, NLRC4, NLRC5, NLRP1, NLRP10, NLRP11, NLRP12, NLRP13, NLRP14, NLRP2, NLRP2B, NLRP3, NLRP4, NLRP5, NLRP6, NLRP7, NLRP8, NLRP9, NLRX1, NMB, NMBR, NMD3, NME1, NME1-NME2, NME2, NME3, NME4, NME5, NME6, NME7, NME8, NME9, NMI, NMNAT1, NMNAT2, NMNAT3, NMRAL1, NMRK1, NMRK2, NMS, NMT1, NMT2, NMU, NMUR1, NMUR2, NNAT, NNMT, NNT, NOA1, NOB1, NOBOX, NOC2L, NOC3L, NOC4L, NOCT, NOD1, NOD2, NODAL, NOG, NOL10, NOL11, NOL12, NOL3, NOL4, NOL4L, NOL6, NOL7, NOL8, NOL9, NOLC1, NOM1, NOMO1, NOMO2, NOMO3, NONO, NOP10, NOP14, NOP16, NOP2, NOP53, NOP56, NOP58, NOP9, NOS1, NOS1AP, NOS2, NOS3, NOSIP, NOSTRIN, NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH2NL, NOTCH3, NOTCH4, NOTO, NOTUM, NOV, NOVA1, NOVA2, NOX1, NOX3, NOX4, NOX5, NOXA1, NOXO1, NOXRED1, NPAP1, NPAS1, NPAS2, NPAS3, NPAS4, NPAT, NPB, NPBWR1, NPBWR2, NPC1, NPC1L1, NPC2, NPDC1, NPEPL1, NPEPPS, NPFF, NPFFR1, NPFFR2, NPHP1, NPHP3, NPHP3-ACAD11, NPHP4, NPHS1, NPHS2, NPIPA1, NPIPA2, NPIPA3, NPIPA5, NPIPA7, NPIPA8, NPIPB11, NPIPB12, NPIPB13, NPIPB15, NPIPB2, NPIPB3, NPIPB4, NPIPB5, NPIPB6, NPIPB7, NPIPB8, NPIPB9, NPL, NPLOC4, NPM1, NPM2, NPM3, NPNT, NPPA, NPPB, NPPC, NPR1, NPR2, NPR3, NPRL2, NPRL3, NPS, NPSR1, NPTN, NPTX1, NPTX2, NPTXR, NPVF, NPW, NPY, NPY1R, NPY2R, NPY4R, NPY4R2, NPY5R, NQO1, NQO2, NROB1, NROB2, NR1D1, NR1D2, NR1H2, NR1H3, NR1H4, NR1I2, NR1I3, NR2C1, NR2C2, NR2C2AP, NR2E1, NR2E3, NR2F1, NR2F2, NR2F6, NR3C1, NR3C2, NR4A1, NR4A2, NR4A3, NR5A1, NR5A2, NR6A1, NRAP, NRARP, NRAS, NRBF2, NRBP1, NRBP2, NRCAM, NRDC, NRDE2, NREP, NRF1, NRG1, NRG2, NRG3, NRG4, NRGN, NRIP1, NRIP2, NRIP3, NRK, NRL, NRM, NRN1, NRN1L, NRP1, NRP2, NRROS, NRSN1, NRSN2, NRTN, NRXN1, NRXN2, NRXN3, NSA2, NSD1, NSD2, NSD3, NSDHL, NSF, NSFL1C, NSL1, NSMAF, NSMCE1, NSMCE2, NSMCE3, NSMCE4A, NSMF, NSRP1, NSUN2, NSUN3, NSUN4, NSUN5, NSUN6, NSUN7, NT5C, NT5C1A, NT5C1B, NT5C1B-RDH14, NT5C2, NT5C3A, NT5C3B, NT5DC1, NT5DC2, NT5DC3, NT5DC4, NT5E, NT5M, NTAN1, NTF3, NTF4, NTHL1, NTM, NTMT1, NTN1, NTN3, NTN4, NTN5, NTNG1, NTNG2, NTPCR, NTRK1, NTRK2, NTRK3, NTS, NTSR1, NTSR2, NUAK1, NUAK2, NUB1, NUBP1, NUBP2, NUBPL, NUCB1, NUCB2, NUCKS1, NUDC, NUDCD1, NUDCD2, NUDCD3, NUDT1, NUDT10, NUDT11, NUDT12, NUDT13, NUDT14, NUDT15, NUDT16, NUDT16L1, NUDT17, NUDT18, NUDT19, NUDT2, NUDT21, NUDT22, NUDT3, NUDT4, NUDT4P1, NUDT5, NUDT6, NUDT7, NUDT8, NUDT9, NUF2, NUFIP1, NUFIP2, NUGGC, NUMA1, NUMB, NUMBL, NUP107, NUP133, NUP153, NUP155, NUP160, NUP188, NUP205, NUP210, NUP210L, NUP214, NUP35, NUP37, NUP43, NUP50, NUP54, NUP58, NUP62, NUP62CL, NUP85, NUP88, NUP93, NUP98, NUPL2, NUPR1, NUPR2, NUS1, NUSAP1, NUTF2, NUTM1, NUTM2A, NUTM2B, NUTM2D, NUTM2E, NUTM2F, NUTM2G, NVL, NWD1, NWD2, NXF1, NXF2, NXF2B, NXF3, NXF5, NXN, NXNL1, NXNL2, NXPE1, NXPE2, NXPE3, NXPE4, NXPH1, NXPH2, NXPH3, NXPH4, NXT1, NXT2, NYAP1, NYAP2, NYNRIN, NYX, OAF, OARD1, OAS1, OAS2, OAS3, OASL, OAT, OAZ1, OAZ2, OAZ3, OBP2A, OBP2B, OBSCN, OBSCN-AS1, OBSL1, OC90, OCA2, OCEL1, OCIAD1, OCIAD2, OCLM, OCLN, OCM, OCM2, OCRL, OCSTAMP, ODAM, ODC1, ODF1, ODF2, ODF2L, ODF3, ODF3B, ODF3L1, ODF3L2, ODF4, OFCC1, OFD1, OGDH, OGDHL, OGFOD1, OGFOD2, OGFOD3, OGFR, OGFRL1, OGG1, OGN, OGT, OIP5, OIT3, OLA1, OLAH, OLFM1, OLFM2, OLFM3, OLFM4, OLFML1, OLFML2A, OLFML2B, OLFML3, OLIG1, OLIG2, OLIG3, OLR1, OMA1, OMD, OMG, OMP, ONECUT1, ONECUT2, ONECUT3, OOEP, OOSP2, OPA1, OPA3, OPALIN, OPCML, OPHN1, OPLAH, OPN1LW, OPN1MW, OPN1MW2, OPN1MW3, OPN1SW, OPN3, OPN4, OPN5, OPRD1, OPRK1, OPRL1, OPRM1, OPRPN, OPTC, OPTN, OR10A2, OR10A3, OR10A4, OR10A5, OR10A6, OR10A7, OR10AC1, OR10AD1, OR10AG1, OR10C1, OR10D3, OR10G2, OR10G3, OR10G4, OR10G6, OR10G7, OR10G8, OR10G9, OR10H1, OR10H2, OR10H3, OR10H4, OR10H5, OR10J1, OR10J3, OR10J4, OR10J5, OR10K1, OR10K2, OR10P1, OR10Q1, OR10R2, OR10S1, OR10T2, OR10V1, OR10W1, OR10X1, OR10Z1, OR11A1, OR11G2, OR11H1, OR11H12, OR11H2, OR11H4, OR11H6, OR11H7, OR11L1, OR12D1, OR12D2, OR12D3, OR13A1, OR13C2, OR13C3, OR13C4, OR13C5, OR13C7, OR13C8, OR13C9, OR13D1, OR13F1, OR13G1, OR13H1, OR13J1, OR14A16, OR14A2, OR14C36, OR14I1, OR14J1, OR14K1, OR1A1, OR1A2, OR1B1, OR1C1, OR1D2, OR1D5, OR1E1, OR1E2, OR1F1, OR1G1, OR1I1, OR1J1, OR1J2, OR1J4, OR1K1, OR1L1, OR1L3, OR1L4, OR1L6, OR1L8, OR1M1, OR1N1, OR1N2, OR1P1, OR1Q1, OR1S1, OR1S2, OR2A1, OR2A12, OR2A14, OR2A2, OR2A25, OR2A4, OR2A42, OR2A5, OR2A7, OR2AE1, OR2AG1, OR2AG2, OR2AJ1, OR2AK2, OR2AP1, OR2AT4, OR2B11, OR2B2, OR2B3, OR2B6, OR2C1, OR2C3, OR2D2, OR2D3, OR2F1, OR2F2, OR2G2, OR2G3, OR2G6, OR2H1, OR2H2, OR2J1, OR2J2, OR2J3, OR2K2, OR2L13, OR2L2, OR2L3, OR2L5, OR2L8, OR2M2, OR2M3, OR2M4, OR2M5, OR2M7, OR2S2, OR2T1, OR2T10, OR2T11, OR2T12, OR2T2, OR2T27, OR2T29, OR2T3, OR2T33, OR2T34, OR2T35, OR2T4, OR2T5, OR2T6, OR2T7, OR2T8, OR2V1, OR2V2, OR2W1, OR2W3, OR2Y1, OR2Z1, OR3A1, OR3A2, OR3A3, OR4A15, OR4A16, OR4A47, OR4A5, OR4A8, OR4B1, OR4C11, OR4C12, OR4C13, OR4C15, OR4C16, OR4C3, OR4C45, OR4C46, OR4C5, OR4C6, OR4D1, OR4D10, OR4D11, OR4D2, OR4D5, OR4D6, OR4D9, OR4E1, OR4E2, OR4F15, OR4F16, OR4F17, OR4F21, OR4F29, OR4F3, OR4F4, OR4F5, OR4F6, OR4K1, OR4K13, OR4K14, OR4K15, OR4K17, OR4K2, OR4K3, OR4K5, OR4L1, OR4M1, OR4M2, OR4N2, OR4N4, OR4N5, OR4P4, OR4Q2, OR4Q3, OR4S1, OR4S2, OR4X1, OR4X2, OR51A2, OR51A4, OR51A7, OR51B2, OR51B4, OR51B5, OR51B6, OR51D1, OR51E1, OR51E2, OR51F1, OR51F2, OR51G1, OR51G2, OR51H1, OR51I1, OR51I2, OR51J1, OR51L1, OR51M1, OR51Q1, OR51S1, OR51T1, OR51V1, OR52A1, OR52A5, OR52B2, OR52B4, OR52B6, OR52D1, OR52E2, OR52E4, OR52E5, OR52E6, OR52E8, OR52H1, OR52I1, OR52I2, OR52J3, OR52K1, OR52K2, OR52L1, OR52M1, OR52N1, OR52N2, OR52N4, OR52N5, OR52R1, OR52W1, OR52Z1, OR56A1, OR56A3, OR56A4, OR56A5, OR56B1, OR56B4, OR5A1, OR5A2, OR5AC1, OR5AC2, OR5AK2, OR5AN1, OR5AP2, OR5AR1, OR5AS1, OR5AU1, OR5B12, OR5B17, OR5B2, OR5B21, OR5B3, OR5C1, OR5D13, OR5D14, OR5D16, OR5D18, OR5F1, OR5G3, OR5H1, OR5H14, OR5H15, OR5H2, OR5H6, OR5H8, OR5I1, OR5J2, OR5K1, OR5K2, OR5K3, OR5K4, OR5L1, OR5L2, OR5M1, OR5M10, OR5M11, OR5M3, OR5M8, OR5M9, OR5P2, OR5P3, OR5R1, OR5T1, OR5T2, OR5T3, OR5V1, OR5W2, OR6A2, OR6B1, OR6B2, OR6B3, OR6C1, OR6C2, OR6C3, OR6C4, OR6C6, OR6C65, OR6C68, OR6C70, OR6C74, OR6C75, OR6C76, OR6F1, OR6J1, OR6K2, OR6K3, OR6K6, OR6M1, OR6N1, OR6N2, OR6P1, OR6Q1, OR6S1, OR6T1, OR6V1, OR6X1, OR6Y1, OR7A10, OR7A17, OR7A5, OR7C1, OR7C2, OR7D2, OR7D4, OR7E24, OR7G1, OR7G2, OR7G3, OR8A1, OR8B12, OR8B2, OR8B3, OR8B4, OR8B8, OR8D1, OR8D2, OR8D4, OR8G1, OR8G5, OR8H1, OR8H2, OR8H3, OR8I2, OR8J1, OR8J2, OR8J3, OR8K1, OR8K3, OR8K5, OR8S1, OR8U1, OR8U8, OR9A2, OR9A4, OR9G1, OR9G4, OR9G9, OR9H1P, OR9I1, OR9K2, OR9Q1, OR9Q2, ORAI1, ORAI2, ORAI3, ORAOV1, ORC1, ORC2, ORC3, ORC4, ORC5, ORC6, ORM1, ORM2, ORMDL1, ORMDL2, ORMDL3, OS9, OSBP, OSBP2, OSBPL10, OSBPL11, OSBPL1A, OSBPL2, OSBPL3, OSBPL5, OSBPL6, OSBPL7, OSBPL8, OSBPL9, OSCAR, OSCP1, OSER1, OSGEP, OSGEPL1, OSGIN1, OSGIN2, OSM, OSMR, OSR1, OSR2, OST4, OSTC, OSTF1, OSTM1, OSTN, OTC, OTOA, OTOF, OTOG, OTOGL, OTOL1, OTOP1, OTOP2, OTOP3, OTOR, OTOS, OTP, OTUB1, OTUB2, OTUD1, OTUD3, OTUD4, OTUD5, OTUD6A, OTUD6B, OTUD7A, OTUD7B, OTULIN, OTX1, OTX2, OVCA2, OVCH1, OVCH2, OVGP1, OVOL1, OVOL2, OVOL3, OXA1L, OXCT1, OXCT2, OXER1, OXGR1, OXLD1, OXNAD1, OXR1, OXSM, OXSR1, OXT, OXTR, P2RX1, P2RX2, P2RX3, P2RX4, P2RX5, P2RX5-TAX1BP3, P2RX6, P2RX7, P2RY1, P2RY10, P2RY11, P2RY12, P2RY13, P2RY14, P2RY2, P2RY4, P2RY6, P2RY8, P3H1, P3H2, P3H3, P3H4, P4HA1, P4HA2, P4HA3, P4HB, P4HTM, PA2G4, PAAF1, PABPC1, PABPC1L, PABPC1L2A, PABPC1L2B, PABPC3, PABPC4, PABPC4L, PABPC5, PABPN1, PABPN1L, PACRG, PACRGL, PACS1, PACS2, PACSIN1, PACSIN2, PACSIN3, PADI1, PADI2, PADI3, PADI4, PADI6, PAEP, PAF1, PAFAH1B1, PAFAH1B2, PAFAH1B3, PAFAH2, PAG1, PAGE1, PAGE2, PAGE2B, PAGE3, PAGE4, PAGE5, PAGR1, PAH, PAICS, PAIP1, PAIP2, PAIP2B, PAK1, PAK1IP1, PAK2, PAK3, PAK4, PAK5, PAK6, PALB2, PALD1, PALLD, PALM, PALM2, PALM2-AKAP2, PALM3, PALMD, PAM, PAM16, PAMR1, PAN2, PAN3, PANK1, PANK2, PANK3, PANK4, PANO1, PANX1, PANX2, PANX3, PAOX, PAPD4, PAPD5, PAPD7, PAPLN, PAPOLA, PAPOLB, PAPOLG, PAPPA, PAPPA2, PAPSS1, PAPSS2, PAQR3, PAQR4, PAQR5, PAQR6, PAQR7, PAQR8, PAQR9, PARD3, PARD3B, PARD6A, PARD6B, PARD6G, PARG, PARK7, PARL, PARM1, PARN, PARP1, PARP10, PARP11, PARP12, PARP14, PARP15, PARP16, PARP2, PARP3, PARP4, PARP6, PARP8, PARP9, PARPBP, PARS2, PARVA, PARVB, PARVG, PASD1, PASK, PATE1, PATE2, PATE3, PATE4, PATJ, PATL1, PATL2, PATZ1, PAWR, PAX1, PAX2, PAX3, PAX4, PAX5, PAX6, PAX7, PAX8, PAX9, PAXBP1, PAXIP1, PAXX, PBDC1, PBK, PBLD, PBOV1, PBRM1, PBX1, PBX2, PBX3, PBX4, PBXIP1, PC, PCBD1, PCBD2, PCBP1, PCBP2, PCBP3, PCBP4, PCCA, PCCB, PCDH1, PCDH10, PCDH11X, PCDH11Y, PCDH12, PCDH15, PCDH17, PCDH18, PCDH19, PCDH20, PCDH7, PCDH8, PCDH9, PCDHA1, PCDHA10, PCDHA11, PCDHA12, PCDHA13, PCDHA2, PCDHA3, PCDHA4, PCDHA5, PCDHA6, PCDHA7, PCDHA8, PCDHA9, PCDHAC1, PCDHAC2, PCDHB1, PCDHB10, PCDHB11, PCDHB12, PCDHB13, PCDHB14, PCDHB15, PCDHB16, PCDHB2, PCDHB3, PCDHB4, PCDHB5, PCDHB6, PCDHB7, PCDHB8, PCDHB9, PCDHGA1, PCDHGA10, PCDHGA11, PCDHGA12, PCDHGA2, PCDHGA3, PCDHGA4, PCDHGA5, PCDHGA6, PCDHGA7, PCDHGA8, PCDHGA9, PCDHGB1, PCDHGB2, PCDHGB3, PCDHGB4, PCDHGB5, PCDHGB6, PCDHGB7, PCDHGC3, PCDHGC4, PCDHGC5, PCED1A, PCED1B, PCF11, PCGF1, PCGF2, PCGF3, PCGF5, PCGF6, PCID2, PCIF1, PCK1, PCK2, PCLAF, PCLO, PCM1, PCMT1, PCMTD1, PCMTD2, PCNA, PCNP, PCNT, PCNX1, PCNX2, PCNX3, PCNX4, PCOLCE, PCOLCE2, PCOTH, PCP2, PCP4, PCP4L1, PCSK1, PCSK1N, PCSK2, PCSK4, PCSK5, PCSK6, PCSK7, PCSK9, PCTP, PCYOX1, PCYOX1L, PCYT1A, PCYT1B, PCYT2, PDAP1, PDC, PDCD1, PDCD10, PDCD11, PDCD1LG2, PDCD2, PDCD2L, PDCD4, PDCD5, PDCD6, PDCD6IP, PDCD7, PDCL, PDCL2, PDCL3, PDE10A, PDE11A, PDE12, PDE1A, PDE1B, PDE1C, PDE2A, PDE3A, PDE3B, PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D, PDE4DIP, PDE5A, PDE6A, PDE6B, PDE6C, PDE6D, PDE6G, PDE6H, PDE7A, PDE7B, PDE8A, PDE8B, PDE9A, PDF, PDGFA, PDGFB, PDGFC, PDGFD, PDGFRA, PDGFRB, PDGFRL, PDHA1, PDHA2, PDHB, PDHX, PDIA2, PDIA3, PDIA4, PDIA5, PDIA6, PDIK1L, PDILT, PDK1, PDK2, PDK3, PDK4, PDLIM1, PDLIM2, PDLIM3, PDLIM4, PDLIM5, PDLIM7, PDP1, PDP2, PDPK1, PDPN, PDPR, PDRG1, PDS5A, PDS5B, PDSS1, PDSS2, PDX1, PDXDC1, PDXK, PDXP, PDYN, PDZD11, PDZD2, PDZD3, PDZD4, PDZD7, PDZD8, PDZD9, PDZK1, PDZK1IP1, PDZRN3, PDZRN4, PEA15, PEAK1, PEAR1, PEBP1, PEBP4, PECAM1, PECR, PEF1, PEG10, PEG3, PELI1, PELI2, PELI3, PELO, PELP1, PEMT, PENK, PEPD, PER1, PER2, PER3, PERM1, PERP, PES1, PET100, PET117, PEX1, PEX10, PEX11A, PEX11B, PEX11G, PEX12, PEX13, PEX14, PEX16, PEX19, PEX2, PEX26, PEX3, PEX5, PEX5L, PEX6, PEX7, PF4, PF4V1, PFAS, PFDN1, PFDN2, PFDN4, PFDN5, PFDN6, PFKFB1, PFKFB2, PFKFB3, PFKFB4, PFKL, PFKM, PFKP, PFN1, PFN2, PFN3, PFN4, PGA3, PGA4, PGA5, PGAM1, PGAM2, PGAM4, PGAM5, PGAP1, PGAP2, PGAP3, PGBD1, PGBD2, PGBD4, PGBD5, PGC, PGD, PGF, PGGHG, PGGT1B, PGK1, PGK2, PGLS, PGLYRP1, PGLYRP2, PGLYRP3, PGLYRP4, PGM1, PGM2, PGM2L1, PGM3, PGM5, PGP, PGPEP1, PGPEP1L, PGR, PGRMC1, PGRMC2, PGS1, PHACTR1, PHACTR2, PHACTR3, PHACTR4, PHAX, PHB, PHB2, PHC1, PHC2, PHC3, PHEX, PHF1, PHF10, PHF11, PHF12, PHF13, PHF14, PHF19, PHF2, PHF20, PHF20L1, PHF21A, PHF21B, PHF23, PHF24, PHF3, PHF5A, PHF6, PHF7, PHF8, PHGDH, PHGR1, PHIP, PHKA1, PHKA2, PHKB, PHKG1, PHKG2, PHLDA1, PHLDA2, PHLDA3, PHLDB1, PHLDB2, PHLDB3, PHLPP1, PHLPP2, PHOSPHO1, PHOSPHO2, PHOX2A, PHOX2B, PHPT1, PHRF1, PHTF1, PHTF2, PHYH, PHYHD1, PHYHIP, PHYHIPL, PHYKPL, PI15, PI16, PI3, PI4K2A, PI4K2B, PI4KA, PI4KB, PIANP, PIAS1, PIAS2, PIAS3, PIAS4, PIBF1, PICALM, PICK1, PID1, PIDD1, PIEZO 1, PIEZO2, PIF1, PIFO, PIGA, PIGB, PIGBOS1, PIGC, PIGF, PIGG, PIGH, PIGK, PIGL, PIGM, PIGN, PIGO, PIGP, PIGQ, PIGR, PIGS, PIGT, PIGU, PIGV, PIGW, PIGX, PIGY, PIGZ, PIH1D1, PIH1D2, PIH1D3, PIK3AP1, PIK3C2A, PIK3C2B, PIK3C2G, PIK3C3, PIK3CA, PIK3CB, PIK3CD, PIK3CG, PIK3IP1, PIK3R1, PIK3R2, PIK3R3, PIK3R4, PIK3R5, PIK3R6, PIKFYVE, PILRA, PILRB, PIM1, PIM2, PIM3, PIMREG, PIN1, PIN4, PINK1, PINLYP, PINX1, PIP, PIP4K2A, PIP4K2B, PIP4K2C, PIP5K1A, PIP5K1B, PIP5K1C, PIP5KL1, PIPOX, PIR, PIRT, PISD, PITHD1, PITPNA, PITPNB, PITPNC1, PITPNM1, PITPNM2, PITPNM3, PITRM1, PITX1, PITX2, PITX3, PIWIL1, PIWIL2, PIWIL3, PIWIL4, PJA1, PJA2, PKD1, PKD1L1, PKD1L2, PKD1L3, PKD2, PKD2L1, PKD2L2, PKDCC, PKDREJ, PKHD1, PKHD1L1, PKIA, PKIB, PKIG, PKLR, PKM, PKMYT1, PKN1, PKN2, PKN3, PKNOX1, PKNOX2, PKP1, PKP2, PKP3, PKP4, PLA1A, PLA2G10, PLA2G12A, PLA2G12B, PLA2G15, PLA2G16, PLA2G1B, PLA2G2A, PLA2G2C, PLA2G2D, PLA2G2E, PLA2G2F, PLA2G3, PLA2G4A, PLA2G4B, PLA2G4C, PLA2G4D, PLA2G4E, PLA2G4F, PLA2G5, PLA2G6, PLA2G7, PLA2R1, PLAA, PLAC1, PLAC4, PLAC8, PLAC8L1, PLAC9, PLAG1, PLAGL1, PLAGL2, PLAT, PLAU, PLAUR, PLB1, PLBD1, PLBD2, PLCB1, PLCB2, PLCB3, PLCB4, PLCD1, PLCD3, PLCD4, PLCE1, PLCG1, PLCG2, PLCH1, PLCH2, PLCL1, PLCL2, PLCXD1, PLCXD2, PLCXD3, PLCZ1, PLD1, PLD2, PLD3, PLD4, PLD5, PLD6, PLEC, PLEK, PLEK2, PLEKHA1, PLEKHA2, PLEKHA3, PLEKHA4, PLEKHA5, PLEKHA6, PLEKHA7, PLEKHA8, PLEKHB1, PLEKHB2, PLEKHD1, PLEKHF1, PLEKHF2, PLEKHG1, PLEKHG2, PLEKHG3, PLEKHG4, PLEKHG4B, PLEKHG5, PLEKHG6, PLEKHG7, PLEKHH1, PLEKHH2, PLEKHH3, PLEKHJ1, PLEKHM1, PLEKHM2, PLEKHM3, PLEKHN1, PLEKHO1, PLEKHO2, PLEKHS1, PLET1, PLG, PLGLB1, PLGLB2, PLGRKT, PLIN1, PLIN2, PLIN3, PLIN4, PLIN5, PLK1, PLK2, PLK3, PLK4, PLK5, PLLP, PLN, PLOD1, PLOD2, PLOD3, PLP1, PLP2, PLPBP, PLPP1, PLPP2, PLPP3, PLPP4, PLPP5, PLPP6, PLPP7, PLPPR1, PLPPR2, PLPPR3, PLPPR4, PLPPR5, PLRG1, PLS1, PLS3, PLSCR1, PLSCR2, PLSCR3, PLSCR4, PLSCR5, PLTP, PLVAP, PLXDC1, PLXDC2, PLXNA1, PLXNA2, PLXNA3, PLXNA4, PLXNB1, PLXNB2, PLXNB3, PLXNC1, PLXND1, PM20D1, PM20D2, PMAIP1, PMCH, PMEL, PMEPA1, PMF1, PMF1-BGLAP, PMFBP1, PML, PMM1, PMM2, PMP2, PMP22, PMPCA, PMPCB, PMS1, PMS2, PMVK, PNCK, PNISR, PNKD, PNKP, PNLDC1, PNLIP, PNLIPRP1, PNLIPRP2, PNLIPRP3, PNMA1, PNMA2, PNMA3, PNMA5, PNMA6A, PNMA6E, PNMA6F, PNMA8A, PNMA8B, PNMA8C, PNMT, PNN, PNO1, PNOC, PNP, PNPLA1, PNPLA2, PNPLA3, PNPLA4, PNPLA5, PNPLA6, PNPLA7, PNPLA8, PNPO, PNPT1, PNRC1, PNRC2, POC1A, POC1B, POC1B-GALNT4, POC5, PODN, PODNL1, PODXL, PODXL2, POF1B, POFUT1, POFUT2, POGK, POGLUT1, POGZ, POLA1, POLA2, POLB, POLD1, POLD2, POLD3, POLD4, POLDIP2, POLDIP3, POLE, POLE2, POLE3, POLE4, POLG, POLG2, POLH, POLI, POLK, POLL, POLM, POLN, POLQ, POLR1A, POLR1B, POLR1C, POLR1D, POLR1E, POLR2A, POLR2B, POLR2C, POLR2D, POLR2E, POLR2F, POLR2G, POLR2H, POLR2I, POLR2J, POLR2J2, POLR2J3, POLR2K, POLR2L, POLR2M, POLR3A, POLR3B, POLR3C, POLR3D, POLR3E, POLR3F, POLR3G, POLR3GL, POLR3H, POLR3K, POLRMT, POM121, POM121C, POM121L12, POM121L2, POMC, POMGNT1, POMGNT2, POMK, POMP, POMT1, POMT2, POMZP3, PON1, PON2, PON3, POP1, POP4, POP5, POP7, POPDC2, POPDC3, POR, PORCN, POSTN, POT1, POTEA, POTEB, POTEB2, POTEB3, POTEC, POTED, POTEE, POTEF, POTEG, POTEH, POTEI, POTEJ, POTEM, POU1F1, POU2AF1, POU2F1, POU2F2, POU2F3, POU3F1, POU3F2, POU3F3, POU3F4, POU4F1, POU4F2, POU4F3, POU5F1, POU5F1B, POU5F2, POU6F1, POU6F2, PP2D1, PPA1, PPA2, PPAN, PPAN-P2RY11, PPARA, PPARD, PPARG, PPARGC1A, PPARGC1B, PPAT, PPBP, PPCDC, PPCS, PPDPF, PPEF1, PPEF2, PPFIA1, PPFIA2, PPFIA3, PPFIA4, PPFIBP1, PPFIBP2, PPHLN1, PPIA, PPIAL4A, PPIAL4C, PPIAL4D, PPIAL4E, PPIAL4F, PPIAL4G, PPIB, PPIC, PPID, PPIE, PPIF, PPIG, PPIH, PPIL1, PPIL2, PPIL3, PPIL4, PPIL6, PPIP5K1, PPIP5K2, PPL, PPM1A, PPM1B, PPM1D, PPM1E, PPM1F, PPM1G, PPM1H, PPM1J, PPM1K, PPM1L, PPM1M, PPM1N, PPME1, PPOX, PPP1CA, PPP1CB, PPP1CC, PPP1R10, PPP1R11, PPP1R12A, PPP1R12B, PPP1R12C, PPP1R13B, PPP1R13L, PPP1R14A, PPP1R14B, PPP1R14C, PPP1R14D, PPP1R15A, PPP1R15B, PPP1R16A, PPP1R16B, PPP1R17, PPP1R18, PPP1R1A, PPP1R1B, PPP1R1C, PPP1R2, PPP1R21, PPP1R26, PPP1R27, PPP1R2P3, PPP1R2P9, PPP1R32, PPP1R35, PPP1R36, PPP1R37, PPP1R3A, PPP1R3B, PPP1R3C, PPP1R3D, PPP1R3E, PPP1R3F, PPP1R3G, PPP1R42, PPP1R7, PPP1R8, PPP1R9A, PPP1R9B, PPP2CA, PPP2CB, PPP2R1A, PPP2R1B, PPP2R2A, PPP2R2B, PPP2R2C, PPP2R2D, PPP2R3A, PPP2R3B, PPP2R3C, PPP2R5A, PPP2R5B, PPP2R5C, PPP2R5D, PPP2R5E, PPP3CA, PPP3CB, PPP3CC, PPP3R1, PPP3R2, PPP4C, PPP4R1, PPP4R2, PPP4R3A, PPP4R3B, PPP4R3CP, PPP4R4, PPP5C, PPP5D1, PPP6C, PPP6R1, PPP6R2, PPP6R3, PPRC1, PPT1, PPT2, PPT2-EGFL8, PPTC7, PPWD1, PPY, PQBP1, PQLC1, PQLC2, PQLC2L, PQLC3, PRAC1, PRAC2, PRADC1, PRAF2, PRAG1, PRAM1, PRAME, PRAMEF1, PRAMEF10, PRAMEF11, PRAMEF12, PRAMEF13, PRAMEF14, PRAMEF15, PRAMEF17, PRAMEF18, PRAMEF19, PRAMEF2, PRAMEF20, PRAMEF25, PRAMEF26, PRAMEF27, PRAMEF33, PRAMEF4, PRAMEF5, PRAMEF6, PRAMEF7, PRAMEF8, PRAMEF9, PRAP1, PRB1, PRB2, PRB3, PRB4, PRC1, PRCC, PRCD, PRCP, PRDM1, PRDM10, PRDM11, PRDM12, PRDM13, PRDM14, PRDM15, PRDM16, PRDM2, PRDM4, PRDM5, PRDM6, PRDM7, PRDM8, PRDM9, PRDX1, PRDX2, PRDX3, PRDX4, PRDX5, PRDX6, PREB, PRELID1, PRELID2, PRELID3A, PRELID3B, PRELP, PREP, PREPL, PREX1, PREX2, PRF1, PRG2, PRG3, PRG4, PRH1, PRH2, PRICKLE1, PRICKLE2, PRICKLE3, PRICKLE4, PRIM1, PRIM2, PRIMA1, PRIMPOL, PRKAA1, PRKAA2, PRKAB1, PRKAB2, PRKACA, PRKACB, PRKACG, PRKAG1, PRKAG2, PRKAG3, PRKAR1A, PRKAR1B, PRKAR2A, PRKAR2B, PRKCA, PRKCB, PRKCD, PRKCE, PRKCG, PRKCH, PRKCI, PRKCQ, PRKCSH, PRKCZ, PRKD1, PRKD2, PRKD3, PRKDC, PRKG1, PRKG2, PRKN, PRKRA, PRKRIP1, PRKX, PRL, PRLH, PRLHR, PRLR, PRM1, PRM2, PRM3, PRMT1, PRMT2, PRMT3, PRMT5, PRMT6, PRMT7, PRMT8, PRMT9, PRND, PRNP, PRNT, PROB1, PROC, PROCA1, PROCR, PRODH, PRODH2, PROK1, PROK2, PROKR1, PROKR2, PROM1, PROM2, PROP1, PRORY, PROS1, PROSER1, PROSER2, PROSER3, PROX1, PROX2, PROZ, PRPF18, PRPF19, PRPF3, PRPF31, PRPF38A, PRPF38B, PRPF39, PRPF4, PRPF40A, PRPF40B, PRPF4B, PRPF6, PRPF8, PRPH, PRPH2, PRPS1, PRPS1L1, PRPS2, PRPSAP1, PRPSAP2, PRR11, PRR12, PRR13, PRR14, PRR14L, PRR15, PRR15L, PRR16, PRR18, PRR19, PRR20A, PRR20B, PRR20C, PRR20D, PRR20E, PRR21, PRR22, PRR23A, PRR23B, PRR23C, PRR23D1, PRR23D2, PRR25, PRR26, PRR27, PRR29, PRR3, PRR30, PRR32, PRR34, PRR35, PRR36, PRR4, PRR5, PRR5-ARHGAP8, PRR5L, PRR7, PRR9, PRRC1, PRRC2A, PRRC2B, PRRC2C, PRRG1, PRRG2, PRRG3, PRRG4, PRRT1, PRRT2, PRRT3, PRRT4, PRRX1, PRRX2, PRSS1, PRSS12, PRSS16, PRSS2, PRSS21, PRSS22, PRSS23, PRSS27, PRSS3, PRSS33, PRSS35, PRSS36, PRSS37, PRSS38, PRSS41, PRSS42, PRSS45, PRSS46, PRSS48, PRSS50, PRSS51, PRSS53, PRSS54, PRSS55, PRSS56, PRSS57, PRSS58, PRSS8, PRTFDC1, PRTG, PRTN3, PRUNE1, PRUNE2, PRX, PRY, PRY2, PSAP, PSAPL1, PSAT1, PSCA, PSD, PSD2, PSD3, PSD4, PSEN1, PSEN2, PSENEN, PSG1, PSG11, PSG2, PSG3, PSG4, PSG5, PSG6, PSG7, PSG8, PSG9, PSIP1, PSKH1, PSKH2, PSMA1, PSMA2, PSMA3, PSMA4, PSMA5, PSMA6, PSMA7, PSMA8, PSMB1, PSMB10, PSMB11, PSMB2, PSMB3, PSMB4, PSMB5, PSMB6, PSMB7, PSMB8, PSMB9, PSMC1, PSMC2, PSMC3, PSMC3IP, PSMC4, PSMC5, PSMC6, PSMD1, PSMD10, PSMD11, PSMD12, PSMD13, PSMD14, PSMD2, PSMD3, PSMD4, PSMD5, PSMD6, PSMD7, PSMD8, PSMD9, PSME1, PSME2, PSME3, PSME4, PSMF1, PSMG1, PSMG2, PSMG3, PSMG4, PSORS1C1, PSORS1C2, PSPC1, PSPH, PSPN, PSRC1, PSTK, PSTPIP1, PSTPIP2, PTAFR, PTAR1, PTBP1, PTBP2, PTBP3, PTCD1, PTCD2, PTCD3, PTCH1, PTCH2, PTCHD1, PTCHD3, PTCHD4, PTCRA, PTDSS1, PTDSS2, PTEN, PTER, PTF1A, PTGDR, PTGDR2, PTGDS, PTGER1, PTGER2, PTGER3, PTGER4, PTGES, PTGES2, PTGES3, PTGES3L, PTGES3L-AARSD1, PTGFR, PTGFRN, PTGIR, PTGIS, PTGR1, PTGR2, PTGS1, PTGS2, PTH, PTH1R, PTH2, PTH2R, PTHLH, PTK2, PTK2B, PTK6, PTK7, PTMA, PTMS, PTN, PTOV1, PTP4A1, PTP4A2, PTP4A3, PTPA, PTPDC1, PTPMT1, PTPN1, PTPN11, PTPN12, PTPN13, PTPN14, PTPN18, PTPN2, PTPN20, PTPN21, PTPN22, PTPN23, PTPN3, PTPN4, PTPN5, PTPN6, PTPN7, PTPN9, PTPRA, PTPRB, PTPRC, PTPRCAP, PTPRD, PTPRE, PTPRF, PTPRG, PTPRH, PTPRJ, PTPRK, PTPRM, PTPRN, PTPRN2, PTPRO, PTPRQ, PTPRR, PTPRS, PTPRT, PTPRU, PTPRZ1, PTRH1, PTRH2, PTRHD1, PTS, PTTG1, PTTG1IP, PTTG2, PTX3, PTX4, PUDP, PUF60, PUM1, PUM2, PUM3, PURA, PURB, PURG, PUS1, PUS10, PUS3, PUS7, PUS7L, PUSL1, PVALB, PVR, PVRIG, PWP1, PWP2, PWWP2A, PWWP2B, PXDC1, PXDN, PXDNL, PXK, PXMP2, PXMP4, PXN, PXT1, PXYLP1, PYCARD, PYCR1, PYCR2, PYCR3, PYDC1, PYDC2, PYGB, PYGL, PYGM, PYGO1, PYGO2, PYHIN1, PYM1, PYROXD1, PYROXD2, PYURF, PYY, PZP, QARS, QDPR, QKI, QPCT, QPCTL, QPRT, QRFP, QRFPR, QRICH1, QRICH2, QRSL1, QSER1, QSOX1, QSOX2, QTRT1, QTRT2, R3HCC1, R3HCC1L, R3HDM1, R3HDM2, R3HDM4, R3HDML, RAB10, RAB11A, RAB11B, RAB11FIP1, RAB11FIP2, RAB11FIP3, RAB11FIP4, RAB11FIP5, RAB12, RAB13, RAB14, RAB15, RAB17, RAB18, RAB19, RAB1A, RAB1B, RAB20, RAB21, RAB22A, RAB23, RAB24, RAB25, RAB26, RAB27A, RAB27B, RAB28, RAB29, RAB2A, RAB2B, RAB30, RAB31, RAB32, RAB33A, RAB33B, RAB34, RAB35, RAB36, RAB37, RAB38, RAB39A, RAB39B, RAB3A, RAB3B, RAB3C, RAB3D, RAB3GAP1, RAB3GAP2, RAB3IL1, RAB3IP, RAB40A, RAB40AL, RAB40B, RAB40C, RAB41, RAB42, RAB43, RAB44, RAB4A, RAB4B, RAB4B-EGLN2, RAB5A, RAB5B, RAB5C, RAB6A, RAB6B, RAB6C, RAB7A, RAB7B, RAB8A, RAB8B, RAB9A, RAB9B, RABAC1, RABEP1, RABEP2, RABEPK, RABGAP1, RABGAP1L, RABGEF1, RABGGTA, RABGGTB, RABIF, RABL2A, RABL2B, RABL3, RABL6, RAC1, RAC2, RAC3, RACGAP1, RACK1, RAD1, RAD17, RAD18, RAD21, RAD21L1, RAD23A, RAD23B, RAD50, RAD51, RAD51AP1, RAD51AP2, RAD51B, RAD51C, RAD51D, RAD52, RAD54B, RAD54L, RAD54L2, RAD9A, RAD9B, RADIL, RAE1, RAET1E, RAET1G, RAET1L, RAF1, RAG1, RAG2, RAI1, RAI14, RAI2, RALA, RALB, RALBP1, RALGAPA1, RALGAPA2, RALGAPB, RALGDS, RALGPS1, RALGPS2, RALY, RALYL, RAMP1, RAMP2, RAMP3, RAN, RANBP1, RANBP10, RANBP17, RANBP2, RANBP3, RANBP3L, RANBP6, RANBP9, RANGAP1, RANGRF, RAP1A, RAP1B, RAP1GAP, RAP1GAP2, RAP1GDS1, RAP2A, RAP2B, RAP2C, RAPGEF1, RAPGEF2, RAPGEF3, RAPGEF4, RAPGEF5, RAPGEF6, RAPGEFL1, RAPH1, RAPSN, RARA, RARB, RARG, RARRES1, RARRES2, RARRES3, RARS, RARS2, RASA1, RASA2, RASA3, RASA4, RASA4B, RASAL1, RASAL2, RASAL3, RASD1, RASD2, RASEF, RASGEF1A, RASGEF1B, RASGEF1C, RASGRF1, RASGRF2, RASGRP1, RASGRP2, RASGRP3, RASGRP4, RASIP1, RASL10A, RASL10B, RASL11A, RASL11B, RASL12, RASSF1, RASSF10, RASSF2, RASSF3, RASSF4, RASSF5, RASSF6, RASSF7, RASSF8, RASSF9, RAVER1, RAVER2, RAX, RAX2, RB1, RB1CC1, RBAK, RBAK-RBAKDN, RBBP4, RBBP5, RBBP6, RBBP7, RBBP8, RBBP8NL, RBBP9, RBCK1, RBFA, RBFOX1, RBFOX2, RBFOX3, RBKS, RBL1, RBL2, RBM10, RBM11, RBM12, RBM12B, RBM14, RBM14-RBM4, RBM15, RBM15B, RBM17, RBM18, RBM19, RBM20, RBM22, RBM23, RBM24, RBM25, RBM26, RBM27, RBM28, RBM3, RBM33, RBM34, RBM38, RBM39, RBM4, RBM41, RBM42, RBM43, RBM44, RBM45, RBM46, RBM47, RBM48, RBM4B, RBM5, RBM6, RBM7, RBM8A, RBMS1, RBMS2, RBMS3, RBMX, RBMX2, RBMXL1, RBMXL2, RBMXL3, RBMY1A1, RBMY1B, RBMY1D, RBMY1E, RBMY1F, RBMY1J, RBP1, RBP2, RBP3, RBP4, RBP5, RBP7, RBPJ, RBPJL, RBPMS, RBPMS2, RBSN, RBX1, RC3H1, RC3H2, RCAN1, RCAN2, RCAN3, RCBTB1, RCBTB2, RCC1, RCC1L, RCC2, RCCD1, RCE1, RCHY1, RCL1, RCN1, RCN2, RCN3, RCOR1, RCOR2, RCOR3, RCSD1, RCVRN, RD3, RD3L, RDH10, RDH11, RDH12, RDH13, RDH14, RDH16, RDH5, RDH8, RDM1, RDX, REC114, REC8, RECK, RECQL, RECQL4, RECQL5, REEP1, REEP2, REEP3, REEP4, REEP5, REEP6, REGIA, REG1B, REG3A, REG3G, REG4, REL, RELA, RELB, RELL1, RELL2, RELN, RELT, REM1, REM2, REN, RENBP, REP15, REPIN1, REPS1, REPS2, RER1, RERE, RERG, RERGL, RESP18, REST, RET, RETN, RETNLB, RETREG1, RETREG2, RETREG3, RETSAT, REV1, REV3L, REXO1, REXO2, REXO4, REXO5, RFC1, RFC2, RFC3, RFC4, RFC5, RFESD, RFFL, RFK, RFLNA, RFLNB, RFNG, RFPL1, RFPL2, RFPL3, RFPL3S, RFPL4A, RFPL4AL1, RFPL4B, RFT1, RFTN1, RFTN2, RFWD2, RFWD3, RFX1, RFX2, RFX3, RFX4, RFX5, RFX6, RFX7, RFX8, RFXANK, RFXAP, RGCC, RGL1, RGL2, RGL3, RGL4, RGMA, RGMB, RGN, RGP1, RGPD1, RGPD2, RGPD3, RGPD4, RGPD5, RGPD6, RGPD8, RGR, RGS1, RGS10, RGS11, RGS12, RGS13, RGS14, RGS16, RGS17, RGS18, RGS19, RGS2, RGS20, RGS21, RGS22, RGS3, RGS4, RGS5, RGS6, RGS7, RGS7BP, RGS8, RGS9, RGS9BP, RGSL1, RHAG, RHBDD1, RHBDD2, RHBDD3, RHBDF1, RHBDF2, RHBDL1, RHBDL2, RHBDL3, RHBG, RHCE, RHCG, RHD, RHEB, RHEBL1, RHNO1, RHO, RHOA, RHOB, RHOBTB1, RHOBTB2, RHOBTB3, RHOC, RHOD, RHOF, RHOG, RHOH, RHOJ, RHOQ, RHOT1, RHOT2, RHOU, RHOV, RHOXF1, RHOXF2, RHOXF2B, RHPN1, RHPN2, RIBC1, RIBC2, RIC1, RIC3, RIC8A, RIC8B, RICTOR, RIDA, RIF1, RIIAD1, RILP, RILPL1, RILPL2, RIMBP2, RIMBP3, RIMBP3B, RIMBP3C, RIMKLA, RIMKLB, RIMS1, RIMS2, RIMS3, RIMS4, RIN1, RIN2, RIN3, RING1, RINL, RINT1, RIOK1, RIOK2, RIOK3, RIOX1, RIOX2, RIPK1, RIPK2, RIPK3, RIPK4, RIPOR1, RIPOR2, RIPOR3, RIPPLY1, RIPPLY2, RIPPLY3, RIT1, RIT2, RITA1, RLBP1, RLF, RLIM, RLN1, RLN2, RLN3, RMDN1, RMDN2, RMDN3, RMI1, RMI2, RMND1, RMND5A, RMND5B, RNASE1, RNASE10, RNASE11, RNASE12, RNASE13, RNASE2, RNASE3, RNASE4, RNASE6, RNASE7, RNASE8, RNASE9, RNASEH1, RNASEH2A, RNASEH2B, RNASEH2C, RNASEK, RNASEK-C17orf49, RNASEL, RNASET2, RND1, RND2, RND3, RNF10, RNF103, RNF103-CHMP3, RNF11, RNF111, RNF112, RNF113A, RNF113B, RNF114, RNF115, RNF121, RNF122, RNF123, RNF125, RNF126, RNF128, RNF13, RNF130, RNF133, RNF135, RNF138, RNF139, RNF14, RNF141, RNF144A, RNF144B, RNF145, RNF146, RNF148, RNF149, RNF150, RNF151, RNF152, RNF157, RNF165, RNF166, RNF167, RNF168, RNF169, RNF17, RNF170, RNF175, RNF180, RNF181, RNF182, RNF183, RNF185, RNF186, RNF187, RNF19A, RNF19B, RNF2, RNF20, RNF207, RNF208, RNF212, RNF212B, RNF213, RNF214, RNF215, RNF216, RNF217, RNF219, RNF220, RNF222, RNF223, RNF224, RNF225, RNF24, RNF25, RNF26, RNF31, RNF32, RNF34, RNF38, RNF39, RNF4, RNF40, RNF41, RNF43, RNF44, RNF5, RNF6, RNF7, RNF8, RNFT1, RNFT2, RNGTT, RNH1, RNLS, RNMT, RNPC3, RNPEP, RNPEPL1, RNPS1, ROBO1, ROBO2, ROBO3, ROBO4, ROCK1, ROCK2, ROGDI, ROM1, ROMO1, ROPN1, ROPN1B, ROPN1L, ROR1, ROR2, RORA, RORB, RORC, ROS1, RP1, RP1L1, RP2, RP9, RPA1, RPA2, RPA3, RPA4, RPAIN, RPAP1, RPAP2, RPAP3, RPE, RPE65, RPEL1, RPF1, RPF2, RPGR, RPGRIP1, RPGRIP1L, RPH3A, RPH3AL, RPIA, RPL10, RPL10A, RPL10L, RPL11, RPL12, RPL13, RPL13A, RPL14, RPL15, RPL17, RPL17-C18orf32, RPL18, RPL18A, RPL19, RPL21, RPL22, RPL22L1, RPL23, RPL23A, RPL24, RPL26, RPL26L1, RPL27, RPL27A, RPL28, RPL29, RPL3, RPL30, RPL31, RPL32, RPL34, RPL35, RPL35A, RPL36, RPL36A, RPL36A-HNRNPH2, RPL36AL, RPL37, RPL37A, RPL38, RPL39, RPL39L, RPL3L, RPL4, RPL41, RPL5, RPL6, RPL7, RPL7A, RPL7L1, RPL8, RPL9, RPLP0, RPLP1, RPLP2, RPN1, RPN2, RPP14, RPP21, RPP25, RPP25L, RPP30, RPP38, RPP40, RPRD1A, RPRD1B, RPRD2, RPRM, RPRML, RPS10, RPS10-NUDT3, RPS11, RPS12, RPS13, RPS14, RPS15, RPS15A, RPS16, RPS17, RPS18, RPS19, RPS19BP1, RPS2, RPS20, RPS21, RPS23, RPS24, RPS25, RPS26, RPS27, RPS27A, RPS27L, RPS28, RPS29, RPS3, RPS3A, RPS4X, RPS4Y1, RPS4Y2, RPS5, RPS6, RPS6KA1, RPS6KA2, RPS6KA3, RPS6KA4, RPS6KA5, RPS6KA6, RPS6KB1, RPS6KB2, RPS6KC1, RPS6KL1, RPS7, RPS8, RPS9, RPSA, RPTN, RPTOR, RPUSD 1, RPUSD2, RPUSD3, RPUSD4, RRAD, RRAGA, RRAGB, RRAGC, RRAGD, RRAS, RRAS2, RRBP1, RREB1, RRH, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B, RRN3, RRNAD1, RRP1, RRP12, RRP15, RRP1B, RRP36, RRP7A, RRP8, RRP9, RRS1, RS1, RSAD1, RSAD2, RSBN1, RSBN1L, RSC1A1, RSF1, RSG1, RSL1D1, RSL24D1, RSPH1, RSPH10B, RSPH10B2, RSPH14, RSPH3, RSPH4A, RSPH6A, RSPH9, RSPO1, RSPO2, RSPO3, RSPO4, RSPRY1, RSRC1, RSRC2, RSRP1, RSU1, RTBDN, RTCA, RTCB, RTEL1, RTEL1-TNFRSF6B, RTF1, RTFDC1, RTKN, RTKN2, RTL1, RTL10, RTL3, RTL4, RTL5, RTL6, RTL8A, RTL8B, RTL8C, RTL9, RTN1, RTN2, RTN3, RTN4, RTN4IP1, RTN4R, RTN4RL1, RTN4RL2, RTP1, RTP2, RTP3, RTP4, RTP5, RTTN, RUBCN, RUBCNL, RUFY1, RUFY2, RUFY3, RUFY4, RUNDC1, RUNDC3A, RUNDC3B, RUNX1, RUNX1T1, RUNX2, RUNX3, RUSC1, RUSC2, RUVBL1, RUVBL2, RWDD1, RWDD2A, RWDD2B, RWDD3, RWDD4, RXFP1, RXFP2, RXFP3, RXFP4, RXRA, RXRB, RXRG, RYBP, RYK, RYR1, RYR2, RYR3, S100A1, S100A10, S100A11, S100A12, S100A13, S100A14, S100A16, S100A2, S100A3, S100A4, S100A5, S100A6, S100A7, S100A7A, S100A7L2, S100A8, S100A9, S100B, S100G, S100P, S100PBP, S100Z, S1PR1, S1PR2, S1PR3, S1PR4, S1PR5, SAA1, SAA2, SAA2-SAA4, SAA4, SAAL1, SAC3D1, SACM1L, SACS, SAE1, SAFB, SAFB2, SAG, SAGE1, SALL1, SALL2, SALL3, SALL4, SAMD1, SAMD10, SAMD11, SAMD12, SAMD13, SAMD14, SAMD15, SAMD3, SAMD4A, SAMD4B, SAMD5, SAMD7, SAMD8, SAMD9, SAMD9L, SAMHD1, SAMM50, SAMSN1, SAP130, SAP18, SAP25, SAP30, SAP30BP, SAP30L, SAPCD1, SAPCD2, SAR1A, SAR1B, SARAF, SARDH, SARM1, SARNP, SARS, SARS2, SART1, SART3, SASH1, SASH3, SASS6, SAT1, SAT2, SATB1, SATB2, SATL1, SAV1, SAXO1, SAXO2, SAYSD1, SBDS, SBF1, SBF2, SBK1, SBK2, SBK3, SBNO1, SBNO2, SBSN, SBSPON, SC5D, SCAF1, SCAF11, SCAF4, SCAF8, SCAI, SCAMP1, SCAMP2, SCAMP3, SCAMP4, SCAMP5, SCAND1, SCAP, SCAPER, SCARA3, SCARA5, SCARB1, SCARB2, SCARF1, SCARF2, SCART1, SCCPDH, SCD, SCD5, SCEL, SCFD1, SCFD2, SCG2, SCG3, SCG5, SCGB1A1, SCGB1C1, SCGB1C2, SCGB1D1, SCGB1D2, SCGB1D4, SCGB2A1, SCGB2A2, SCGB2B2, SCGB3A1, SCGB3A2, SCGN, SCHIP1, SCIMP, SCIN, SCLT1, SCLY, SCMH1, SCML1, SCML2, SCML4, SCN10A, SCN11A, SCN1A, SCN1B, SCN2A, SCN2B, SCN3A, SCN3B, SCN4A, SCN4B, SCN5A, SCN7A, SCN8A, SCN9A, SCNM1, SCNN1A, SCNN1B, SCNN1D, SCNN1G, SCO1, SCO2, SCOC, SCP2, SCP2D1, SCPEP1, SCRG1, SCRIB, SCRN1, SCRN2, SCRN3, SCRT1, SCRT2, SCT, SCTR, SCUBE1, SCUBE2, SCUBE3, SCX, SCYL1, SCYL2, SCYL3, SDAD1, SDC1, SDC2, SDC3, SDC4, SDCBP, SDCBP2, SDCCAG3, SDCCAG8, SDE2, SDF2, SDF2L1, SDF4, SDHA, SDHAF1, SDHAF2, SDHAF3, SDHAF4, SDHB, SDHC, SDHD, SDK1, SDK2, SDR16C5, SDR39U1, SDR42E1, SDR42E2, SDR9C7, SDS, SDSL, SEBOX, SEC11A, SEC11C, SEC13, SEC14L1, SEC14L2, SEC14L3, SEC14L4, SEC14L5, SEC14L6, SEC16A, SEC16B, SEC22A, SEC22B, SEC22C, SEC23A, SEC23B, SEC23IP, SEC24A, SEC24B, SEC24C, SEC24D, SEC31A, SEC31B, SEC61A1, SEC61A2, SEC61B, SEC61G, SEC62, SEC63, SECISBP2, SECISBP2L, SECTM1, SEH1L, SEL1L, SEL1L2, SEL1L3, SELE, SELENBP1, SELENOF, SELENOH, SELENOI, SELENOK, SELENOM, SELENON, SELENOO, SELENOP, SELENOS, SELENOT, SELENOV, SELENOW, SELL, SELP, SELPLG, SEM1, SEMA3A, SEMA3B, SEMA3C, SEMA3D, SEMA3E, SEMA3F, SEMA3G, SEMA4A, SEMA4B, SEMA4C, SEMA4D, SEMA4F, SEMA4G, SEMA5A, SEMA5B, SEMA6A, SEMA6B, SEMA6C, SEMA6D, SEMA7A, SEMG1, SEMG2, SENP1, SENP2, SENP3, SENP3-EIF4A1, SENP5, SENP6, SENP7, SENP8, SEPHS1, SEPHS2, SEPSECS, SEPT1, SEPT10, SEPT11, SEPT12, SEPT14, SEPT2, SEPT3, SEPT4, SEPT5, SEPT6, SEPT7, SEPT8, SEPT9, SERAC1, SERBP1, SERF1A, SERF1B, SERF2, SERGEF, SERHL2, SERINC1, SERINC2, SERINC3, SERINC4, SERINC5, SERP1, SERP2, SERPINA1, SERPINA10, SERPINA11, SERPINA12, SERPINA2, SERPINA3, SERPINA4, SERPINA5, SERPINA6, SERPINA7, SERPINA9, SERPINB1, SERPINB10, SERPINB11, SERPINB12, SERPINB13, SERPINB2, SERPINB3, SERPINB4, SERPINB5, SERPINB6, SERPINB7, SERPINB8, SERPINB9, SERPINC1, SERPIND1, SERPINE1, SERPINE2, SERPINE3, SERPINF1, SERPINF2, SERPING1, SERPINH1, SERPINI1, SERPINI2, SERTAD1, SERTAD2, SERTAD3, SERTAD4, SERTM1, SESN1, SESN2, SESN3, SESTD1, SET, SETBP1, SETD1A, SETD1B, SETD2, SETD3, SETD4, SETD5, SETD6, SETD7, SETD9, SETDB1, SETDB2, SETMAR, SETSIP, SETX, SEZ6, SEZ6L, SEZ6L2, SF1, SF3A1, SF3A2, SF3A3, SF3B1, SF3B2, SF3B3, SF3B4, SF3B5, SF3B6, SFI1, SFMBT1, SFMBT2, SFN, SFPQ, SFR1, SFRP1, SFRP2, SFRP4, SFRP5, SFSWAP, SFT2D1, SFT2D2, SFT2D3, SFTA2, SFTA3, SFTPA1, SFTPA2, SFTPB, SFTPC, SFTPD, SFXN1, SFXN2, SFXN3, SFXN4, SFXN5, SGCA, SGCB, SGCD, SGCE, SGCG, SGCZ, SGF29, SGIP1, SGK1, SGK2, SGK3, SGK494, SGMS1, SGMS2, SGO1, SGO2, SGPL1, SGPP1, SGPP2, SGSH, SGSM1, SGSM2, SGSM3, SGTA, SGTB, SH2B1, SH2B2, SH2B3, SH2D1A, SH2D1B, SH2D2A, SH2D3A, SH2D3C, SH2D4A, SH2D4B, SH2D5, SH2D6, SH2D7, SH3BGR, SH3BGRL, SH3BGRL2, SH3BGRL3, SH3BP1, SH3BP2, SH3BP4, SH3BP5, SH3BP5L, SH3D19, SH3D21, SH3GL1, SH3GL2, SH3GL3, SH3GLB1, SH3GLB2, SH3KBP1, SH3PXD2A, SH3PXD2B, SH3RF1, SH3RF2, SH3RF3, SH3TC1, SH3TC2, SH3YL1, SHANK1, SHANK2, SHANK3, SHARPIN, SHB, SHBG, SHC1, SHC2, SHC3, SHC4, SHCBP1, SHCBP1L, SHD, SHE, SHF, SHH, SHISA2, SHISA3, SHISA4, SHISA5, SHISA6, SHISA7, SHISA8, SHISA9, SHKBP1, SHMT1, SHMT2, SHOC2, SHOX, SHOX2, SHPK, SHPRH, SHQ1, SHROOM1, SHROOM2, SHROOM3, SHROOM4, SHTN1, SI, SIAE, SIAH1, SIAH2, SIAH3, SIDT1, SIDT2, SIGIRR, SIGLEC1, SIGLEC10, SIGLEC11, SIGLEC12, SIGLEC14, SIGLEC15, SIGLEC5, SIGLEC6, SIGLEC7, SIGLEC8, SIGLEC9, SIGLECL1, SIGMAR1, SIK1, SIK2, SIK3, SIKE1, SIL1, SIM1, SIM2, SIMC1, SIN3A, SIN3B, SIPA1, SIPA1L1, SIPA1L2, SIPA1L3, SIRPA, SIRPB1, SIRPB2, SIRPD, SIRPG, SIRT1, SIRT2, SIRT3, SIRT4, SIRT5, SIRT6, SIRT7, SIT1, SIVA1, SIX1, SIX2, SIX3, SIX4, SIX5, SIX6, SKA1, SKA2, SKA3, SKAP1, SKAP2, SKI, SKIDA1, SKIL, SKIV2L, SKIV2L2, SKOR1, SKOR2, SKP1, SKP2, SLA, SLA2, SLAIN1, SLAIN2, SLAMF1, SLAMF6, SLAMF7, SLAMF8, SLAMF9, SLBP, SLC10A1, SLC10A2, SLC10A3, SLC10A4, SLC10A5, SLC10A6, SLC10A7, SLC11A1, SLC11A2, SLC12A1, SLC12A2, SLC12A3, SLC12A4, SLC12A5, SLC12A6, SLC12A7, SLC12A8, SLC12A9, SLC13A1, SLC13A2, SLC13A3, SLC13A4, SLC13A5, SLC14A1, SLC14A2, SLC15A1, SLC15A2, SLC15A3, SLC15A4, SLC15A5, SLC16A1, SLC16A10, SLC16A11, SLC16A12, SLC16A13, SLC16A14, SLC16A2, SLC16A3, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A6, SLC16A7, SLC16A8, SLC16A9, SLC17A1, SLC17A2, SLC17A3, SLC17A4, SLC17A5, SLC17A6, SLC17A7, SLC17A8, SLC17A9, SLC18A1, SLC18A2, SLC18A3, SLC18B1, SLC19A1, SLC19A2, SLC19A3, SLC1A1, SLC1A2, SLC1A3, SLC1A4, SLC1A5, SLC1A6, SLC1A7, SLC20A1, SLC20A2, SLC22A1, SLC22A10, SLC22A11, SLC22A12, SLC22A13, SLC22A14, SLC22A15, SLC22A16, SLC22A17, SLC22A18, SLC22A18AS, SLC22A2, SLC22A23, SLC22A24, SLC22A25, SLC22A3, SLC22A31, SLC22A4, SLC22A5, SLC22A6, SLC22A7, SLC22A8, SLC22A9, SLC23A1, SLC23A2, SLC23A3, SLC24A1, SLC24A2, SLC24A3, SLC24A4, SLC24A5, SLC25A1, SLC25A10, SLC25A11, SLC25A12, SLC25A13, SLC25A14, SLC25A15, SLC25A16, SLC25A17, SLC25A18, SLC25A19, SLC25A2, SLC25A20, SLC25A21, SLC25A22, SLC25A23, SLC25A24, SLC25A25, SLC25A26, SLC25A27, SLC25A28, SLC25A29, SLC25A3, SLC25A30, SLC25A31, SLC25A32, SLC25A33, SLC25A34, SLC25A35, SLC25A36, SLC25A37, SLC25A38, SLC25A39, SLC25A4, SLC25A40, SLC25A41, SLC25A42, SLC25A43, SLC25A44, SLC25A45, SLC25A46, SLC25A47, SLC25A48, SLC25A5, SLC25A51, SLC25A52, SLC25A53, SLC25A6, SLC26A1, SLC26A10, SLC26A11, SLC26A2, SLC26A3, SLC26A4, SLC26A5, SLC26A6, SLC26A7, SLC26A8, SLC26A9, SLC27A1, SLC27A2, SLC27A3, SLC27A4, SLC27A5, SLC27A6, SLC28A1, SLC28A2, SLC28A3, SLC29A1, SLC29A2, SLC29A3, SLC29A4, SLC2A1, SLC2A10, SLC2A11, SLC2A12, SLC2A13, SLC2A14, SLC2A2, SLC2A3, SLC2A4, SLC2A4RG, SLC2A5, SLC2A6, SLC2A7, SLC2A8, SLC2A9, SLC30A1, SLC30A10, SLC30A2, SLC30A3, SLC30A4, SLC30A5, SLC30A6, SLC30A7, SLC30A8, SLC30A9, SLC31A1, SLC31A2, SLC32A1, SLC33A1, SLC34A1, SLC34A2, SLC34A3, SLC35A1, SLC35A2, SLC35A3, SLC35A4, SLC35A5, SLC35B1, SLC35B2, SLC35B3, SLC35B4, SLC35C1, SLC35C2, SLC35D1, SLC35D2, SLC35D3, SLC35E1, SLC35E2, SLC35E2B, SLC35E3, SLC35E4, SLC35F1, SLC35F2, SLC35F3, SLC35F4, SLC35F5, SLC35F6, SLC35G1, SLC35G2, SLC35G3, SLC35G4, SLC35G5, SLC35G6, SLC36A1, SLC36A2, SLC36A3, SLC36A4, SLC37A1, SLC37A2, SLC37A3, SLC37A4, SLC38A1, SLC38A10, SLC38A11, SLC38A2, SLC38A3, SLC38A4, SLC38A5, SLC38A6, SLC38A7, SLC38A8, SLC38A9, SLC39A1, SLC39A10, SLC39A11, SLC39A12, SLC39A13, SLC39A14, SLC39A2, SLC39A3, SLC39A4, SLC39A5, SLC39A6, SLC39A7, SLC39A8, SLC39A9, SLC3A1, SLC3A2, SLC40A1, SLC41A1, SLC41A2, SLC41A3, SLC43A1, SLC43A2, SLC43A3, SLC44A1, SLC44A2, SLC44A3, SLC44A4, SLC44A5, SLC45A1, SLC45A2, SLC45A3, SLC45A4, SLC46A1, SLC46A2, SLC46A3, SLC47A1, SLC47A2, SLC48A1, SLC4A1, SLC4A10, SLC4A11, SLC4A1AP, SLC4A2, SLC4A3, SLC4A4, SLC4A5, SLC4A7, SLC4A8, SLC4A9, SLC50A1, SLC51A, SLC51B, SLC52A1, SLC52A2, SLC52A3, SLC5A1, SLC5A10, SLC5A11, SLC5A12, SLC5A2, SLC5A3, SLC5A4, SLC5A5, SLC5A6, SLC5A7, SLC5A8, SLC5A9, SLC6A1, SLC6A11, SLC6A12, SLC6A13, SLC6A14, SLC6A15, SLC6A16, SLC6A17, SLC6A18, SLC6A19, SLC6A2, SLC6A20, SLC6A3, SLC6A4, SLC6A5, SLC6A6, SLC6A7, SLC6A8, SLC6A9, SLC7A1, SLC7A10, SLC7A11, SLC7A13, SLC7A14, SLC7A2, SLC7A3, SLC7A4, SLC7A5, SLC7A6, SLC7A6OS, SLC7A7, SLC7A8, SLC7A9, SLC8A1, SLC8A2, SLC8A3, SLC8B1, SLC9A1, SLC9A2, SLC9A3, SLC9A3R1, SLC9A3R2, SLC9A4, SLC9A5, SLC9A6, SLC9A7, SLC9A8, SLC9A9, SLC9B1, SLC9B2, SLC9C1, SLC9C2, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B1, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B7, SLCO1C1, SLCO2A1, SLCO2B1, SLCO3A1, SLCO4A1, SLCO4C1, SLCOSA1, SLCO6A1, SLF1, SLF2, SLFN11, SLFN12, SLFN12L, SLFN13, SLFN14, SLFN5, SLFNL1, SLIRP, SLIT1, SLIT2, SLIT3, SLITRK1, SLITRK2, SLITRK3, SLITRK4, SLITRK5, SLITRK6, SLK, SLMAP, SLN, SLPI, SLTM, SLU7, SLURP1, SLURP2, SLX1A, SLX1B, SLX4, SLX4IP, SMAD1, SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD4, SMAD5, SMAD6, SMAD7, SMAD9, SMAGP, SMAP1, SMAP2, SMARCA1, SMARCA2, SMARCA4, SMARCA5, SMARCAD1, SMARCAL1, SMARCB1, SMARCC1, SMARCC2, SMARCD1, SMARCD2, SMARCD3, SMARCE1, SMC1A, SMC1B, SMC2, SMC3, SMC4, SMC5, SMC6, SMCHD1, SMCO1, SMCO2, SMCO3, SMCO4, SMCP, SMCR8, SMDT1, SMG1, SMG5, SMG6, SMG7, SMG8, SMG9, SMIM1, SMIM10, SMIM10L1, SMIM10L2A, SMIM10L2B, SMIM11A, SMIM11B, SMIM12, SMIM13, SMIM14, SMIM15, SMIM17, SMIM18, SMIM19, SMIM2, SMIM20, SMIM21, SMIM22, SMIM23, SMIM24, SMIM26, SMIM27, SMIM28, SMIM29, SMIM3, SMIM30, SMIM31, SMIM4, SMIM5, SMIM6, SMIM7, SMIM8, SMIM9, SMKR1, SMLR1, SMN1, SMN2, SMNDC1, SMO, SMOC1, SMOC2, SMOX, SMPD1, SMPD2, SMPD3, SMPD4, SMPDL3A, SMPDL3B, SMPX, SMR3A, SMR3B, SMS, SMTN, SMTNL1, SMTNL2, SMU1, SMUG1, SMURF1, SMURF2, SMYD1, SMYD2, SMYD3, SMYD4, SMYD5, SNAI1, SNAI2, SNAI3, SNAP23, SNAP25, SNAP29, SNAP47, SNAP91, SNAPC1, SNAPC2, SNAPC3, SNAPC4, SNAPC5, SNAPIN, SNCA, SNCAIP, SNCB, SNCG, SND1, SNED1, SNF8, SNHG28, SNIP1, SNN, SNPH, SNRK, SNRNP200, SNRNP25, SNRNP27, SNRNP35, SNRNP40, SNRNP48, SNRNP70, SNRPA, SNRPA1, SNRPB, SNRPB2, SNRPC, SNRPD1, SNRPD2, SNRPD3, SNRPE, SNRPF, SNRPG, SNRPN, SNTA1, SNTB1, SNTB2, SNTG1, SNTG2, SNTN, SNU13, SNUPN, SNURF, SNW1, SNX1, SNX10, SNX11, SNX12, SNX13, SNX14, SNX15, SNX16, SNX17, SNX18, SNX19, SNX2, SNX20, SNX21, SNX22, SNX24, SNX25, SNX27, SNX29, SNX3, SNX30, SNX31, SNX32, SNX33, SNX4, SNX5, SNX6, SNX7, SNX8, SNX9, SOAT1, SOAT2, SOBP, SOCS1, SOCS2, SOCS3, SOCS4, SOCS5, SOCS6, SOCS7, SOD1, SOD2, SOD3, SOGA1, SOGA3, SOHLH1, SOHLH2, SON, SORBS1, SORBS2, SORBS3, SORCS1, SORCS2, SORCS3, SORD, SORL1, SORT1, SOS1, SOS2, SOST, SOSTDC1, SOWAHA, SOWAHB, SOWAHC, SOWAHD, SOX1, SOX10, SOX11, SOX12, SOX13, SOX14, SOX15, SOX17, SOX18, SOX2, SOX21, SOX3, SOX30, SOX4, SOX5, SOX6, SOX7, SOX8, SOX9, SP1, SP100, SP110, SP140, SP140L, SP2, SP3, SP4, SP5, SP6, SP7, SP8, SP9, SPA17, SPAAR, SPACA1, SPACA3, SPACA4, SPACA5, SPACA5B, SPACA6, SPACA7, SPACA9, SPAG1, SPAG11A, SPAG11B, SPAG16, SPAG17, SPAG4, SPAG5, SPAG6, SPAG7, SPAG8, SPAG9, SPAM1, SPANXA1, SPANXA2, SPANXB1, SPANXC, SPANXD, SPANXN1, SPANXN2, SPANXN3, SPANXN4, SPANXN5, SPARC, SPARCL1, SPART, SPAST, SPATA1, SPATA12, SPATA13, SPATA16, SPATA17, SPATA18, SPATA19, SPATA2, SPATA20, SPATA21, SPATA22, SPATA24, SPATA25, SPATA2L, SPATA3, SPATA31A1, SPATA31A3, SPATA31A5, SPATA31A6, SPATA31A7, SPATA31D1, SPATA31D3, SPATA31D4, SPATA31E1, SPATA32, SPATA33, SPATA4, SPATA45, SPATA46, SPATA5, SPATA5L1, SPATA6, SPATA6L, SPATA7, SPATA8, SPATA9, SPATC 1, SPATC1L, SPATS1, SPATS2, SPATS2L, SPC24, SPC25, SPCS1, SPCS2, SPCS3, SPDEF, SPDL1, SPDYA, SPDYC, SPDYE1, SPDYE16, SPDYE2, SPDYE2B, SPDYE3, SPDYE4, SPDYE5, SPDYE6, SPECC1, SPECC1L, SPECC1L-ADORA2A, SPEF1, SPEF2, SPEG, SPEM1, SPEN, SPERT, SPESP1, SPG11, SPG21, SPG7, SPHAR, SPHK1, SPHK2, SPHKAP, SPI1, SPIB, SPIC, SPICE1, SPIDR, SPIN1, SPIN2A, SPIN2B, SPIN3, SPIN4, SPINK1, SPINK13, SPINK14, SPINK2, SPINK4, SPINK5, SPINK6, SPINK7, SPINK8, SPINK9, SPINT1, SPINT2, SPINT3, SPINT4, SPIRE1, SPIRE2, SPN, SPNS1, SPNS2, SPNS3, SPO11, SPOCD1, SPOCK1, SPOCK2, SPOCK3, SPON1, SPON2, SPOP, SPOPL, SPOUT1, SPP1, SPP2, SPPL2A, SPPL2B, SPPL2C, SPPL3, SPR, SPRED1, SPRED2, SPRED3, SPRN, SPRR1A, SPRR1B, SPRR2A, SPRR2B, SPRR2D, SPRR2E, SPRR2F, SPRR2G, SPRR3, SPRR4, SPRR5, SPRTN, SPRY1, SPRY2, SPRY3, SPRY4, SPRYD3, SPRYD4, SPRYD7, SPSB1, SPSB2, SPSB3, SPSB4, SPTA1, SPTAN1, SPTB, SPTBN1, SPTBN2, SPTBN4, SPTBN5, SPTLC1, SPTLC2, SPTLC3, SPTSSA, SPTSSB, SPTY2D1, SPTY2D1-AS1, SPX, SPZ1, SQLE, SQOR, SQSTM1, SRA1, SRBD1, SRC, SRCAP, SRCIN1, SRD5A1, SRD5A2, SRD5A3, SREBF1, SREBF2, SREK1, SREK1IP1, SRF, SRFBP1, SRGAP1, SRGAP2, SRGAP2B, SRGAP2C, SRGAP3, SRGN, SRI, SRL, SRM, SRMS, SRP14, SRP19, SRP54, SRP68, SRP72, SRP9, SRPK1, SRPK2, SRPK3, SRPRA, SRPRB, SRPX, SRPX2, SRR, SRRD, SRRM1, SRRM2, SRRM3, SRRM4, SRRM5, SRRT, SRSF1, SRSF10, SRSF11, SRSF12, SRSF2, SRSF3, SRSF4, SRSF5, SRSF6, SRSF7, SRSF8, SRSF9, SRXN1, SRY, SS18, SS18L1, SS18L2, SSB, SSBP1, SSBP2, SSBP3, SSBP4, SSC4D, SSC5D, SSFA2, SSH1, SSH2, SSH3, SSMEM1, SSNA1, SSPN, SSPO, SSR1, SSR2, SSR3, SSR4, SSRP1, SSSCA1, SST, SSTR1, SSTR2, SSTR3, SSTR4, SSTR5, SSU72, SSU72P8, SSUH2, SSX1, SSX2, SSX2B, SSX2IP, SSX3, SSX4, SSX4B, SSX5, SSX7, ST13, ST14, ST18, ST20, ST20-MTHFS, ST3GAL1, ST3GAL2, ST3GAL3, ST3GAL4, ST3GAL5, ST3GAL6, ST5, ST6GAL1, ST6GAL2, ST6GALNAC1, ST6GALNAC2, ST6GALNAC3, ST6GALNAC4, ST6GALNAC5, ST6GALNAC6, ST7, ST7L, ST8SIA1, ST8SIA2, ST8SIA3, ST8SIA4, ST8SIA5, ST8SIA6, STAB1, STAB2, STAC, STAC2, STAC3, STAG1, STAG2, STAG3, STAM, STAM2, STAMBP, STAMBPL1, STAP1, STAP2, STAR, STARD10, STARD13, STARD3, STARD3NL, STARD4, STARD5, STARD6, STARD7, STARD8, STARD9, STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5A, STAT5B, STAT6, STATH, STAU1, STAU2, STBD1, STC1, STC2, STEAP1, STEAP1B, STEAP2, STEAP3, STEAP4, STH, STIL, STIM1, STIM2, STIP1, STK10, STK11, STK11IP, STK16, STK17A, STK17B, STK19, STK24, STK25, STK26, STK3, STK31, STK32A, STK32B, STK32C, STK33, STK35, STK36, STK38, STK38L, STK39, STK4, STK40, STKLD1, STMN1, STMN2, STMN3, STMN4, STMND1, STN1, STOM, STOML1, STOML2, STOML3, STON1, STON1-GTF2A1L, STON2, STOX1, STOX2, STPG1, STPG2, STPG3, STPG4, STRA6, STRA8, STRADA, STRADB, STRAP, STRBP, STRC, STRIP1, STRIP2, STRN, STRN3, STRN4, STS, STT3A, STT3B, STUB1, STUM, STX10, STX11, STX12, STX16, STX16-NPEPL1, STX17, STX18, STX19, STX1A, STX1B, STX2, STX3, STX4, STX5, STX6, STX7, STX8, STXBP1, STXBP2, STXBP3, STXBP4, STXBP5, STXBP5L, STXBP6, STYK1, STYX, STYXL1, SUB1, SUCLA2, SUCLG1, SUCLG2, SUCNR1, SUCO, SUDS3, SUFU, SUGCT, SUGP1, SUGP2, SUGT1, SULF1, SULF2, SULT1A1, SULT1A2, SULT1A3, SULT1A4, SULT1B1, SULT1C2, SULT1C3, SULT1C4, SULT1E1, SULT2A1, SULT2B1, SULT4A1, SULT6B1, SUMF1, SUMF2, SUMO1, SUMO2, SUMO3, SUMO4, SUN1, SUN2, SUN3, SUN5, SUOX, SUPT16H, SUPT20H, SUPT3H, SUPT4H1, SUPT5H, SUPT6H, SUPT7L, SUPV3L1, SURF1, SURF2, SURF4, SURF6, SUSD1, SUSD2, SUSD3, SUSD4, SUSD5, SUSD6, SUV39H1, SUV39H2, SUZ12, SV2A, SV2B, SV2C, SVBP, SVEP1, SVIL, SVIP, SVOP, SVOPL, SWAP70, SWI5, SWSAP1, SWT1, SYAP1, SYBU, SYCE1, SYCE1L, SYCE2, SYCE3, SYCN, SYCP1, SYCP2, SYCP2L, SYCP3, SYDE1, SYDE2, SYF2, SYK, SYMPK, SYN1, SYN2, SYN3, SYNC, SYNCRIP, SYNDIG1, SYNDIG1L, SYNE1, SYNE2, SYNE3, SYNE4, SYNGAP1, SYNGR1, SYNGR2, SYNGR3, SYNGR4, SYNJ1, SYNJ2, SYNJ2BP, SYNJ2BP-COX16, SYNM, SYNPO, SYNPO2, SYNPO2L, SYNPR, SYNRG, SYP, SYPL1, SYPL2, SYS1, SYS1-DBNDD2, SYT1, SYT10, SYT11, SYT12, SYT13, SYT14, SYT15, SYT16, SYT17, SYT2, SYT3, SYT4, SYT5, SYT6, SYT7, SYT8, SYT9, SYTL1, SYTL2, SYTL3, SYTL4, SYTL5, SYVN1, SZRD1, SZT2, T, TAAR1, TAAR2, TAAR5, TAAR6, TAAR8, TAAR9, TAB1, TAB2, TAB3, TAC1, TAC3, TAC4, TACC1, TACC2, TACC3, TACO1, TACR1, TACR2, TACR3, TACSTD2, TADA1, TADA2A, TADA2B, TADA3, TAF1, TAF10, TAF11, TAF12, TAF13, TAF15, TAF1A, TAF1B, TAF1C, TAF1D, TAF1L, TAF2, TAF3, TAF4, TAF4B, TAF5, TAF5L, TAF6, TAF6L, TAF7, TAF7L, TAF8, TAF9, TAF9B, TAGAP, TAGLN, TAGLN2, TAGLN3, TAL1, TAL2, TALDO1, TAMM41, TANC1, TANC2, TANGO2, TANGO6, TANK, TAOK1, TAOK2, TAOK3, TAP1, TAP2, TAPBP, TAPBPL, TAPT1, TARBP1, TARBP2, TARDBP, TARM1, TARS, TARS2, TARSL2, TAS1R1, TAS1R2, TAS1R3, TAS2R1, TAS2R10, TAS2R13, TAS2R14, TAS2R16, TAS2R19, TAS2R20, TAS2R3, TAS2R30, TAS2R31, TAS2R38, TAS2R39, TAS2R4, TAS2R40, TAS2R41, TAS2R42, TAS2R43, TAS2R46, TAS2R5, TAS2R50, TAS2R60, TAS2R7, TAS2R8, TAS2R9, TASP1, TAT, TATDN1, TATDN2, TATDN3, TAX1BP1, TAX1BP3, TAZ, TBATA, TBC1D1, TBC1D10A, TBC1D10B, TBC1D10C, TBC1D12, TBC1D13, TBC1D14, TBC1D15, TBC1D16, TBC1D17, TBC1D19, TBC1D2, TBC1D20, TBC1D21, TBC1D22A, TBC1D22B, TBC1D23, TBC1D24, TBC1D25, TBC1D26, TBC1D28, TBC1D29, TBC1D2B, TBC1D3, TBC1D30, TBC1D31, TBC1D32, TBC1D3B, TBC1D3C, TBC1D3D, TBC1D3E, TBC1D3F, TBC1D3G, TBC1D3H, TBC1D3I, TBC1D3K, TBC1D3L, TBC1D4, TBC1D5, TBC1D7, TBC1D8, TBC1D8B, TBC1D9, TBC1D9B, TBCA, TBCB, TBCC, TBCCD1, TBCD, TBCE, TBCEL, TBCK, TBK1, TBKBP1, TBL1X, TBL1XR1, TBL1Y, TBL2, TBL3, TBP, TBPL1, TBPL2, TBR1, TBRG1, TBRG4, TBX1, TBX10, TBX15, TBX18, TBX19, TBX2, TBX20, TBX21, TBX22, TBX3, TBX4, TBX5, TBX6, TBXA2R, TBXAS1, TC2N, TCAF1, TCAF2, TCAIM, TCAP, TCEA1, TCEA2, TCEA3, TCEAL1, TCEAL2, TCEAL3, TCEAL4, TCEAL5, TCEAL6, TCEAL7, TCEAL8, TCEAL9, TCEANC, TCEANC2, TCERG1, TCERG1L, TCF12, TCF15, TCF19, TCF20, TCF21, TCF23, TCF24, TCF25, TCF3, TCF4, TCF7, TCF7L1, TCF7L2, TCFL5, TCHH, TCHHL1, TCHP, TCIRG1, TCL1A, TCL1B, TCN1, TCN2, TCOF1, TCP1, TCP10, TCP10L, TCP10L2, TCP11, TCP11L1, TCP11L2, TCP11X2, TCTA, TCTE1, TCTE3, TCTEX1D1, TCTEX1D2, TCTEX1D4, TCTN1, TCTN2, TCTN3, TDG, TDGF1, TDO2, TDP1, TDP2, TDRD1, TDRD10, TDRD12, TDRD15, TDRD3, TDRD5, TDRD6, TDRD7, TDRD9, TDRKH, TDRP, TEAD1, TEAD2, TEAD3, TEAD4, TEC, TECPR1, TECPR2, TECR, TECRL, TECTA, TECTB, TEDDM1, TEF, TEFM, TEK, TEKT1, TEKT2, TEKT3, TEKT4, TEKT5, TELO2, TEN1, TEN1-CDK3, TENM1, TENM2, TENM3, TENM4, TEP1, TEPP, TEPSIN, TERB1, TERB2, TERF1, TERF2, TERF2IP, TERT, TES, TESC, TESK1, TESK2, TESMIN, TESPA1, TET1, TET2, TET3, TEX10, TEX101, TEX11, TEX12, TEX13A, TEX13B, TEX13C, TEX13D, TEX14, TEX15, TEX19, TEX2, TEX22, TEX26, TEX261, TEX264, TEX28, TEX29, TEX30, TEX33, TEX35, TEX36, TEX37, TEX38, TEX43, TEX44, TEX45, TEX46, TEX47, TEX48, TEX49, TEX50, TEX51, TEX9, TF, TFAM, TFAP2A, TFAP2B, TFAP2C, TFAP2D, TFAP2E, TFAP4, TFB1M, TFB2M, TFCP2, TFCP2L1, TFDP1, TFDP2, TFDP3, TFE3, TFEB, TFEC, TFF1, TFF2, TFF3, TFG, TFIP11, TFPI, TFPI2, TFPT, TFR2, TFRC, TG, TGDS, TGFA, TGFB1, TGFB1I1, TGFB2, TGFB3, TGFBI, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TGFBR3, TGFBR3L, TGFBRAP1, TGIF1, TGIF2, TGIF2-C20orf24, TGIF2LX, TGIF2LY, TGM1, TGM2, TGM3, TGM4, TGM5, TGM6, TGM7, TGOLN2, TGS1, TH, THADA, THAP1, THAP10, THAP11, THAP12, THAP2, THAP3, THAP4, THAP5, THAP6, THAP7, THAP8, THAP9, THBD, THBS1, THBS2, THBS3, THBS4, THEG, THEGL, THEM4, THEM5, THEM6, THEMIS, THEMIS2, THG1L, THNSL1, THNSL2, THOC1, THOC2, THOC3, THOC5, THOC6, THOC7, THOP1, THPO, THRA, THRAP3, THRB, THRSP, THSD1, THSD4, THSD7A, THSD7B, THTPA, THUMPD1, THLTMPD2, THUMPD3, THY1, THYN1, TIA1, TIAF1, TIAL1, TIAM1, TIAM2, TICAM1, TICAM2, TICRR, TIE1, TIFA, TIFAB, TIGAR, TIGD1, TIGD2, TIGD3, TIGD4, TIGD5, TIGD6, TIGD7, TIGIT, TIMD4, TIMELESS, TIMM10, TIMM10B, TIMM13, TIMM17A, TIMM17B, TIMM21, TIMM22, TIMM23, TIMM23B, TIMM29, TIMM44, TIMM50, TIMM8A, TIMM8B, TIMM9, TIMMDC1, TIMP1, TIMP2, TIMP3, TIMP4, TINAG, TINAGL1, TINCR, TINF2, TIPARP, TIPIN, TIPRL, TIRAP, TISP43, TJAP1, TJP1, TJP2, TJP3, TK1, TK2, TKFC, TKT, TKTL1, TKTL2, TLCD1, TLCD2, TLDC1, TLDC2, TLE1, TLE2, TLE3, TLE4, TLE6, TLK1, TLK2, TLL1, TLL2, TLN1, TLN2, TLNRD1, TLR1, TLR10, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, TLX1, TLX2, TLX3, TM2D1, TM2D2, TM2D3, TM4SF1, TM4SF18, TM4SF19, TM4SF19-TCTEX1D2, TM4SF20, TM4SF4, TM4SF5, TM6SF1, TM6SF2, TM7SF2, TM7SF3, TM9SF1, TM9SF2, TM9SF3, TM9SF4, TMA16, TMA7, TMBIM1, TMBIM4, TMBIM6, TMC1, TMC2, TMC3, TMC4, TMC5, TMC6, TMC7, TMC8, TMCC1, TMCC2, TMCC3, TMCO1, TMCO2, TMCO3, TMCO4, TMCO5A, TMCO6, TMED1, TMED10, TMED2, TMED3, TMED4, TMED5, TMED6, TMED7, TMED7-TICAM2, TMED8, TMED9, TMEFF1, TMEFF2, TMEM100, TMEM101, TMEM102, TMEM104, TMEM105, TMEM106A, TMEM106B, TMEM106C, TMEM107, TMEM108, TMEM109, TMEM11, TMEM110, TMEM110-MUSTN1, TMEM114, TMEM115, TMEM116, TMEM117, TMEM119, TMEM120A, TMEM120B, TMEM121, TMEM121B, TMEM123, TMEM125, TMEM126A, TMEM126B, TMEM127, TMEM128, TMEM129, TMEM130, TMEM131, TMEM131L, TMEM132A, TMEM132B, TMEM132C, TMEM132D, TMEM132E, TMEM133, TMEM134, TMEM135, TMEM136, TMEM138, TMEM139, TMEM140, TMEM141, TMEM143, TMEM144, TMEM145, TMEM147, TMEM14A, TMEM14B, TMEM14C, TMEM150A, TMEM150B, TMEM150C, TMEM151A, TMEM151B, TMEM154, TMEM155, TMEM156, TMEM158, TMEM159, TMEM160, TMEM161A, TMEM161B, TMEM163, TMEM164, TMEM165, TMEM167A, TMEM167B, TMEM168, TMEM169, TMEM17, TMEM170A, TMEM170B, TMEM171, TMEM173, TMEM174, TMEM175, TMEM176A, TMEM176B, TMEM177, TMEM178A, TMEM178B, TMEM179, TMEM179B, TMEM18, TMEM181, TMEM182, TMEM183A, TMEM184A, TMEM184B, TMEM184C, TMEM185A, TMEM185B, TMEM186, TMEM187, TMEM189, TMEM189-UBE2V1, TMEM19, TMEM190, TMEM191B, TMEM191C, TMEM192, TMEM196, TMEM198, TMEM199, TMEM2, TMEM200A, TMEM200B, TMEM200C, TMEM201, TMEM202, TMEM203, TMEM204, TMEM205, TMEM206, TMEM207, TMEM208, TMEM209, TMEM210, TMEM211, TMEM212, TMEM213, TMEM214, TMEM215, TMEM216, TMEM217, TMEM218, TMEM219, TMEM220, TMEM221, TMEM222, TMEM223, TMEM225, TMEM225B, TMEM229A, TMEM229B, TMEM230, TMEM231, TMEM232, TMEM233, TMEM234, TMEM235, TMEM236, TMEM237, TMEM238, TMEM239, TMEM240, TMEM241, TMEM242, TMEM243, TMEM244, TMEM245, TMEM246, TMEM247, TMEM248, TMEM249, TMEM25, TMEM250, TMEM251, TMEM252, TMEM253, TMEM254, TMEM255A, TMEM255B, TMEM256, TMEM256-PLSCR3, TMEM257, TMEM258, TMEM259, TMEM26, TMEM260, TMEM262, TMEM263, TMEM265, TMEM266, TMEM267, TMEM268, TMEM269, TMEM27, TMEM270, TMEM30A, TMEM30B, TMEM31, TMEM33, TMEM35A, TMEM35B, TMEM37, TMEM38A, TMEM38B, TMEM39A, TMEM39B, TMEM40, TMEM41A, TMEM41B, TMEM42, TMEM43, TMEM44, TMEM45A, TMEM45B, TMEM47, TMEM5, TMEM50A, TMEM50B, TMEM51, TMEM52, TMEM52B, TMEM53, TMEM54, TMEM55A, TMEM55B, TMEM56, TMEM56-RWDD3, TMEM57, TMEM59, TMEM59L, TMEM60, TMEM61, TMEM62, TMEM63A, TMEM63B, TMEM63C, TMEM64, TMEM65, TMEM67, TMEM68, TMEM69, TMEM70, TMEM71, TMEM72, TMEM74, TMEM74B, TMEM78, TMEM79, TMEM80, TMEM81, TMEM82, TMEM86A, TMEM86B, TMEM87A, TMEM87B, TMEM88, TMEM88B, TMEM89, TMEM8A, TMEM8B, TMEM9, TMEM91, TMEM92, TMEM94, TMEM95, TMEM97, TMEM98, TMEM99, TMEM9B, TMF1, TMIE, TMIGD1, TMIGD2, TMIGD3, TMLHE, TMOD1, TMOD2, TMOD3, TMOD4, TMPO, TMPPE, TMPRSS11A, TMPRSS11B, TMPRSS11D, TMPRSS11E, TMPRSS11F, TMPRSS12, TMPRSS13, TMPRSS15, TMPRSS2, TMPRSS3, TMPRSS4, TMPRSS4-AS1, TMPRSS5, TMPRSS6, TMPRSS7, TMPRSS9, TMSB10, TMSB15A, TMSB15B, TMSB4X, TMSB4Y, TMTC1, TMTC2, TMTC3, TMTC4, TMUB1, TMUB2, TMX1, TMX2, TMX2-CTNND1, TMX3, TMX4, TNC, TNF, TNFAIP1, TNFAIP2, TNFAIP3, TNFAIP6, TNFAIP8, TNFAIP8L1, TNFAIP8L2, TNFAIP8L3, TNFRSF10A, TNFRSF10B, TNFRSF10C, TNFRSF10D, TNFRSF11A, TNFRSF11B, TNFRSF12A, TNFRSF13B, TNFRSF13C, TNFRSF14, TNFRSF17, TNFRSF18, TNFRSF19, TNFRSF1A, TNFRSF1B, TNFRSF21, TNFRSF25, TNFRSF4, TNFRSF6B, TNFRSF8, TNFRSF9, TNFSF10, TNFSF11, TNFSF12, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TNFSF13B, TNFSF14, TNFSF15, TNFSF18, TNFSF4, TNFSF8, TNFSF9, TNIK, TNIP1, TNIP2, TNIP3, TNK1, TNK2, TNKS, TNKS1BP1, TNKS2, TNMD, TNN, TNNC1, TNNC2, TNNI1, TNNI2, TNNI3, TNNI3K, TNNT1, TNNT2, TNNT3, TNP1, TNP2, TNPO1, TNPO2, TNPO3, TNR, TNRC18, TNRC6A, TNRC6B, TNRC6C, TNS1, TNS2, TNS3, TNS4, TNXB, TOB1, TOB2, TOE1, TOGARAM1, TOGARAM2, TOLLIP, TOM1, TOM1L1, TOM1L2, TOMM20, TOMM20L, TOMM22, TOMM34, TOMM40, TOMM40L, TOMM5, TOMM6, TOMM7, TOMM70, TONSL, TOP1, TOP1MT, TOP2A, TOP2B, TOP3A, TOP3B, TOPAZ1, TOPBP1, TOPORS, TOR1A, TOR1AIP1, TOR1AIP2, TOR1B, TOR2A, TOR3A, TOR4A, TOX, TOX2, TOX3, TOX4, TP53, TP53AIP1, TP53BP1, TP53BP2, TP53I11, TP53I13, TP53I3, TP53INP1, TP53INP2, TP53RK, TP53TG3, TP53TG3B, TP53TG3C, TP53TG3D, TP53TG3E, TP53TG3F, TP53TG5, TP63, TP73, TPBG, TPBGL, TPCN1, TPCN2, TPD52, TPD52L1, TPD52L2, TPD52L3, TPGS1, TPGS2, TPH1, TPH2, TPI1, TPK1, TPM1, TPM2, TPM3, TPM4, TPMT, TPO, TPP1, TPP2, TPPP, TPPP2, TPPP3, TPR, TPRA1, TPRG1, TPRG1L, TPRKB, TPRN, TPRX1, TPSAB1, TPSB2, TPSD1, TPSG1, TPST1, TPST2, TPT1, TPTE, TPTE2, TPX2, TRA2A, TRA2B, TRABD, TRABD2A, TRABD2B, TRAC, TRADD, TRAF1, TRAF2, TRAF3, TRAF3IP1, TRAF3IP2, TRAF3IP3, TRAF4, TRAF5, TRAF6, TRAF7, TRAFD1, TRAIP, TRAJ1, TRAJ10, TRAJ11, TRAJ12, TRAJ13, TRAJ14, TRAJ16, TRAJ17, TRAJ18, TRAJ19, TRAJ2, TRAJ20, TRAJ21, TRAJ22, TRAJ23, TRAJ24, TRAJ25, TRAJ26, TRAJ27, TRAJ28, TRAJ29, TRAJ3, TRAJ30, TRAJ31, TRAJ32, TRAJ33, TRAJ34, TRAJ35, TRAJ36, TRAJ37, TRAJ38, TRAJ39, TRAJ4, TRAJ40, TRAJ41, TRAJ42, TRAJ43, TRAJ44, TRAJ45, TRAJ46, TRAJ47, TRAJ48, TRAJ49, TRAJ5, TRAJ50, TRAJ52, TRAJ53, TRAJ54, TRAJ56, TRAJ57, TRAJ58, TRAJ59, TRAJ6, TRAJ61, TRAJ7, TRAJ9, TRAK1, TRAK2, TRAM1, TRAM1L1, TRAM2, TRANK1, TRAP1, TRAPPC1, TRAPPC10, TRAPPC11, TRAPPC12, TRAPPC13, TRAPPC2, TRAPPC2L, TRAPPC3, TRAPPC3L, TRAPPC4, TRAPPC5, TRAPPC6A, TRAPPC6B, TRAPPC8, TRAPPC9, TRAT1, TRAV10, TRAV1-1, TRAV1-2, TRAV12-1, TRAV12-2, TRAV12-3, TRAV13-1, TRAV13-2, TRAV14DV4, TRAV16, TRAV17, TRAV18, TRAV19, TRAV2, TRAV20, TRAV21, TRAV22, TRAV23DV6, TRAV24, TRAV25, TRAV26-1, TRAV26-2, TRAV27, TRAV29DV5, TRAV3, TRAV30, TRAV34, TRAV36DV7, TRAV38-1, TRAV38-2DV8, TRAV39, TRAV4, TRAV40, TRAV41, TRAV5, TRAV6, TRAV7, TRAV8-1, TRAV8-2, TRAV8-3, TRAV8-4, TRAV8-6, TRAV8-7, TRAV9-1, TRAV9-2, TRBC2, TRBJ2-1, TRBJ2-2, TRBJ2-2P, TRBJ2-3, TRBJ2-4, TRBJ2-5, TRBJ2-6, TRBJ2-7, TRBV10-1, TRBV10-2, TRBV10-3, TRBV11-1, TRBV19, TRBV2, TRBV20-1, TRBV20OR9-2, TRBV21OR9-2, TRBV23-1, TRBV23OR9-2, TRBV24-1, TRBV25-1, TRBV27, TRBV28, TRBV29-1, TRBV30, TRBV3-1, TRBV4-1, TRBV4-2, TRBV5-1, TRBV5-3, TRBV5-4, TRBV5-5, TRBV5-6, TRBV5-7, TRBV6-1, TRBV6-4, TRBV6-5, TRBV6-6, TRBV6-7, TRBV6-8, TRBV7-1, TRBV7-3, TRBV7-4, TRBV7-6, TRBV7-7, TRBV7-9, TRBV9, TRDC, TRDD1, TRDD2, TRDD3, TRDJ1, TRDJ2, TRDJ3, TRDJ4, TRDMT1, TRDN, TRDV1, TRDV2, TRDV3, TREH, TREM1, TREM2, TREML1, TREML2, TREML4, TRERF1, TREX1, TREX2, TRGC1, TRGC2, TRGJ1, TRGJ2, TRGJP, TRGJP1, TRGJP2, TRGV1, TRGV10, TRGV11, TRGV2, TRGV3, TRGV4, TRGV5, TRGV8, TRGV9, TRH, TRHDE, TRHR, TRIAP1, TRIB1, TRIB2, TRIB3, TRIL, TRIM10, TRIM11, TRIM13, TRIM14, TRIM15, TRIM16, TRIM16L, TRIM17, TRIM2, TRIM21, TRIM22, TRIM23, TRIM24, TRIM25, TRIM26, TRIM27, TRIM28, TRIM29, TRIM3, TRIM31, TRIM32, TRIM33, TRIM34, TRIM35, TRIM36, TRIM37, TRIM38, TRIM39, TRIM39-RPP21, TRIM4, TRIM40, TRIM41, TRIM42, TRIM43, TRIM43B, TRIM44, TRIM45, TRIM46, TRIM47, TRIM48, TRIM49, TRIM49B, TRIM49C, TRIM49D1, TRIM49D2, TRIM5, TRIM50, TRIM51, TRIM52, TRIM54, TRIM55, TRIM56, TRIM58, TRIM59, TRIM6, TRIM60, TRIM61, TRIM62, TRIM63, TRIM64, TRIM64B, TRIM64C, TRIM65, TRIM66, TRIM67, TRIM68, TRIM69, TRIM6-TRIM34, TRIM7, TRIM71, TRIM72, TRIM73, TRIM74, TRIM75P, TRIM77, TRIM8, TRIM9, TRIML1, TRIML2, TRIO, TRIOBP, TRIP 10, TRIP 11, TRIP 12, TRIP 13, TRIP4, TRIP6, TRIQK, TRIR, TRIT1, TRMO, TRMT1, TRMT10A, TRMT10B, TRMT10C, TRMT11, TRMT112, TRMT12, TRMT13, TRMT1L, TRMT2A, TRMT2B, TRMT44, TRMT5, TRMT6, TRMT61A, TRMT61B, TRMU, TRNAU1AP, TRNP1, TRNT1, TRO, TROAP, TROVE2, TRPA1, TRPC1, TRPC3, TRPC4, TRPC4AP, TRPC5, TRPC5OS, TRPC6, TRPC7, TRPM1, TRPM2, TRPM3, TRPM4, TRPM5, TRPM6, TRPM7, TRPM8, TRPS1, TRPT1, TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV3, TRPV4, TRPV5, TRPV6, TRRAP, TRUB1, TRUB2, TSACC, TSC1, TSC2, TSC22D1, TSC22D2, TSC22D3, TSC22D4, TSEN15, TSEN2, TSEN34, TSEN54, TSFM, TSG101, TSGA10, TSGA10IP, TSGA13, TSHB, TSHR, TSHZ1, TSHZ2, TSHZ3, TSKS, TSKU, TSLP, TSN, TSNARE1, TSNAX, TSNAX-DISC1, TSNAXIP1, TSPAN1, TSPAN10, TSPAN11, TSPAN12, TSPAN13, TSPAN14, TSPAN15, TSPAN16, TSPAN17, TSPAN18, TSPAN19, TSPAN2, TSPAN3, TSPAN31, TSPAN32, TSPAN33, TSPAN4, TSPAN5, TSPAN6, TSPAN7, TSPAN8, TSPAN9, TSPEAR, TSPO, TSPO2, TSPOAP1, TSPY1, TSPY10, TSPY2, TSPY3, TSPY4, TSPY8, TSPYL1, TSPYL2, TSPYL4, TSPYL5, TSPYL6, TSR1, TSR2, TSR3, TSSC4, TSSK1B, TSSK2, TSSK3, TSSK4, TSSK6, TST, TSTA3, TSTD1, TSTD2, TSTD3, TTBK1, TTBK2, TTC1, TTC12, TTC13, TTC14, TTC16, TTC17, TTC19, TTC21A, TTC21B, TTC22, TTC23, TTC23L, TTC24, TTC25, TTC26, TTC27, TTC28, TTC29, TTC3, TTC30A, TTC30B, TTC31, TTC32, TTC33, TTC34, TTC36, TTC37, TTC38, TTC39A, TTC39B, TTC39C, TTC4, TTC5, TTC6, TTC7A, TTC7B, TTC8, TTC9, TTC9B, TTC9C, TTF1, TTF2, TTI1, TTI2, TTK, TTL, TTLL1, TTLL10, TTLL11, TTLL12, TTLL13P, TTLL2, TTLL3, TTLL4, TTLL5, TTLL6, TTLL7, TTLL8, TTLL9, TTN, TTPA, TTPAL, TTR, TTYH1, TTYH2, TTYH3, TUB, TUBA1A, TUBA1B, TUBA1C, TUBA3C, TUBA3D, TUBA3E, TUBA4A, TUBA4B, TUBA8, TUBAL3, TUBB, TUBB1, TUBB2A, TUBB2B, TUBB3, TUBB4A, TUBB4B, TUBB6, TUBB8, TUBD1, TUBE1, TUBG1, TUBG2, TUBGCP2, TUBGCP3, TUBGCP4, TUBGCP5, TUBGCP6, TUFM, TUFT1, TULP1, TULP2, TULP3, TULP4, TUNAR, TUSC1, TUSC2, TUSC3, TUSC5, TUT1, TVP23A, TVP23B, TVP23C, TVP23C-CDRT4, TWF1, TWF2, TWIST1, TWIST2, TWISTNB, TWNK, TWSG1, TXK, TXLNA, TXLNB, TXLNG, TXN, TXN2, TXNDC11, TXNDC12, TXNDC15, TXNDC16, TXNDC17, TXNDC2, TXNDC5, TXNDC8, TXNDC9, TXNIP, TXNL1, TXNL4A, TXNL4B, TXNRD1, TXNRD2, TXNRD3, TXNRD3NB, TYK2, TYMP, TYMS, TYR, TYRO3, TYROBP, TYRP1, TYSND1, TYW1, TYW1B, TYW3, TYW5, U2AF1, U2AF1L4, U2AF1L5, U2AF2, U2SURP, UACA, UAP1, UAP1L1, UBA1, UBA2, UBA3, UBA5, UBA52, UBA6, UBA7, UBAC1, UBAC2, UBALD1, UBALD2, UBAP1, UBAP1L, UBAP2, UBAP2L, UBASH3A, UBASH3B, UBB, UBC, UBD, UBE2A, UBE2B, UBE2C, UBE2D1, UBE2D2, UBE2D3, UBE2D4, UBE2E1, UBE2E2, UBE2E3, UBE2F, UBE2F-SCLY, UBE2G1, UBE2G2, UBE2H, UBE2I, UBE2J1, UBE2J2, UBE2K, UBE2L3, UBE2L5P, UBE2L6, UBE2M, UBE2N, UBE2NL, UBE2O, UBE2Q1, UBE2Q2, UBE2Q2L, UBE2QL1, UBE2R2, UBE2S, UBE2T, UBE2U, UBE2V1, UBE2V2, UBE2W, UBE2Z, UBE3A, UBE3B, UBE3C, UBE3D, UBE4A, UBE4B, UBFD1, UBIAD1, UBL3, UBL4A, UBL4B, UBL5, UBL7, UBLCP1, UBN1, UBN2, UBOX5, UBP1, UBQLN1, UBQLN2, UBQLN3, UBQLN4, UBQLNL, UBR1, UBR2, UBR3, UBR4, UBR5, UBR7, UBTD1, UBTD2, UBTF, UBTFL1, UBXN1, UBXN10, UBXN11, UBXN2A, UBXN2B, UBXN4, UBXN6, UBXN7, UBXN8, UCHL1, UCHL3, UCHL5, UCK1, UCK2, UCKL1, UCMA, UCN, UCN2, UCN3, UCP1, UCP2, UCP3, UEVLD, UFC1, UFD1, UFL1, UFM1, UFSP1, UFSP2, UGCG, UGDH, UGGT1, UGGT2, UGP2, UGT1A1, UGT1A10, UGT1A3, UGT1A4, UGT1A5, UGT1A6, UGT1A7, UGT1A8, UGT1A9, UGT2A1, UGT2A2, UGT2A3, UGT2B10, UGT2B11, UGT2B15, UGT2B17, UGT2B28, UGT2B4, UGT2B7, UGT3A1, UGT3A2, UGT8, UHMK1, UHRF1, UHRF1BP1, UHRF1BP1L, UHRF2, UIMC1, ULBP1, ULBP2, ULBP3, ULK1, ULK2, ULK3, ULK4, UMAD1, UMOD, UMODL1, UMPS, UNC119, UNC119B, UNC13A, UNC13B, UNC13C, UNC13D, UNC45A, UNC45B, UNC50, UNC5A, UNC5B, UNC5C, UNC5CL, UNC5D, UNC79, UNC80, UNC93A, UNC93B1, UNCX, UNG, UNK, UNKL, UPB1, UPF1, UPF2, UPF3A, UPF3B, UPK1A, UPK1B, UPK2, UPK3A, UPK3B, UPK3BL1, UPP1, UPP2, UPRT, UQCC1, UQCC2, UQCC3, UQCR10, UQCR11, UQCRB, UQCRC 1, UQCRC2, UQCRF S 1, UQCRH, UQCRHL, UQCRQ, URAD, URB1, URB2, URGCP, URGCP-MRPS24, URI1, URM1, UROC1, UROD, UROS, USB1, USE1, USF1, USF2, USF3, USH1C, USH1G, USH2A, USHBP1, USMG5, USO1, USP1, USP10, USP11, USP12, USP13, USP14, USP15, USP16, USP17L1, USP17L10, USP17L11, USP17L12, USP17L13, USP17L15, USP17L17, USP17L18, USP17L19, USP17L2, USP17L20, USP17L21, USP17L22, USP17L23, USP17L24, USP17L25, USP17L26, USP17L27, USP17L28, USP17L29, USP17L3, USP17L30, USP17L4, USP17L5, USP17L7, USP17L8, USP18, USP19, USP2, USP20, USP21, USP22, USP24, USP25, USP26, USP27X, USP28, USP29, USP3, USP30, USP31, USP32, USP33, USP34, USP35, USP36, USP37, USP38, USP39, USP4, USP40, USP41, USP42, USP43, USP44, USP45, USP46, USP47, USP48, USP49, USP5, USP50, USP51, USP53, USP54, USP6, USP6NL, USP7, USP8, USP9X, USP9Y, USPL1, UST, UTF1, UTP11, UTP14A, UTP14C, UTP15, UTP18, UTP20, UTP23, UTP3, UTP4, UTP6, UTRN, UTS2, UTS2B, UTS2R, UTY, UVRAG, UVSSA, UXS1, UXT, VAC14, VAMP1, VAMP2, VAMP3, VAMP4, VAMP5, VAMP7, VAMP8, VANGL1, VANGL2, VAPA, VAPB, VARS, VARS2, VASH1, VASH2, VASN, VASP, VAT1, VAT1L, VAV1, VAV2, VAV3, VAX1, VAX2, VBP1, VCAM1, VCAN, VCL, VCP, VCPIP1, VCPKMT, VCX, VCX2, VCX3A, VCX3B, VCY, VCY1B, VDAC1, VDAC2, VDAC3, VDR, VEGFA, VEGFB, VEGFC, VEGFD, VENTX, VEPH1, VEZF1, VEZT, VGF, VGLL1, VGLL2, VGLL3, VGLL4, VHL, VHLL, VIL1, VILL, VIM, VIP, VIPAS39, VIPR1, VIPR2, VIRMA, VIT, VKORC1, VKORC1L1, VLDLR, VMA21, VMAC, VMO1, VMP1, VN1R1, VN1R2, VN1R4, VN1R5, VNN1, VNN2, VNN3, VOPP1, VPREB1, VPREB3, VPS11, VPS13A, VPS13B, VPS13C, VPS13D, VPS16, VPS18, VPS25, VPS26A, VPS26B, VPS28, VPS29, VPS33A, VPS33B, VPS35, VPS36, VPS37A, VPS37B, VPS37C, VPS37D, VPS39, VPS41, VPS45, VPS4A, VPS4B, VPS50, VPS51, VPS52, VPS53, VPS54, VPS72, VPS8, VPS9D1, VRK1, VRK2, VRK3, VRTN, VSIG1, VSIG10, VSIG10L, VSIG10L2, VSIG2, VSIG4, VSIG8, VSIR, VSNL1, VSTM1, VSTM2A, VSTM2B, VSTM2L, VSTM4, VSTM5, VSX1, VSX2, VTA1, VTCN1, VTI1A, VTI1B, VTN, VWA1, VWA2, VWA3A, VWA3B, VWA5A, VWA5B1, VWA5B2, VWA7, VWA8, VWC2, VWC2L, VWCE, VWDE, VWF, WAC, WAPL, WARS, WARS2, WAS, WASF1, WASF2, WASF3, WASHC1, WASHC2A, WASHC2C, WASHC3, WASHC4, WASHC5, WASL, WBP1, WBP11, WBP1L, WBP2, WBP2NL, WBP4, WDCP, WDFY1, WDFY2, WDFY3, WDFY4, WDHD1, WDPCP, WDR1, WDR11, WDR12, WDR13, WDR17, WDR18, WDR19, WDR20, WDR24, WDR25, WDR26, WDR27, WDR3, WDR31, WDR33, WDR34, WDR35, WDR36, WDR37, WDR38, WDR4, WDR41, WDR43, WDR44, WDR45, WDR45B, WDR46, WDR47, WDR48, WDR49, WDR5, WDR53, WDR54, WDR55, WDR59, WDR5B, WDR6, WDR60, WDR61, WDR62, WDR63, WDR64, WDR66, WDR7, WDR70, WDR72, WDR73, WDR74, WDR75, WDR76, WDR77, WDR78, WDR81, WDR82, WDR83, WDR83OS, WDR86, WDR87, WDR88, WDR89, WDR90, WDR91, WDR92, WDR93, WDR97, WDSUB1, WDTC1, WDYHV1, WEE1, WEE2, WFDC1, WFDC10A, WFDC10B, WFDC11, WFDC12, WFDC13, WFDC2, WFDC3, WFDC5, WFDC6, WFDC8, WFDC9, WFIKKN1, WFIKKN2, WFS1, WHAMM, WHRN, WIF1, WIPF1, WIPF2, WIPF3, WIPI1, WIPI2, WISP1, WISP2, WISP3, WIZ, WLS, WNK1, WNK2, WNK3, WNK4, WNT1, WNT10A, WNT10B, WNT11, WNT16, WNT2, WNT2B, WNT3, WNT3A, WNT4, WNT5A, WNT5B, WNT6, WNT7A, WNT7B, WNT8A, WNT8B, WNT9A, WNT9B, WRAP53, WRAP73, WRB, WRN, WRNIP1, WSB1, WSB2, WSCD1, WSCD2, WT1, WTAP, WTH3DI, WTIP, WWC1, WWC2, WWC3, WWOX, WWP1, WWP2, WWTR1, XAB2, XAF1, XAGE1A, XAGE1B, XAGE2, XAGE3, XAGE5, XBP1, XCL1, XCL2, XCR1, XDH, XG, XIAP, XIRP1, XIRP2, XK, XKR3, XKR4, XKR5, XKR6, XKR7, XKR8, XKR9, XKRX, XPA, XPC, XPNPEP1, XPNPEP2, XPNPEP3, XPO1, XPO4, XPO5, XPO6, XPO7, XPOT, XPR1, XRCC1, XRCC2, XRCC3, XRCC4, XRCC5, XRCC6, XRN1, XRN2, XRRA1, XXYLT1, XYLB, XYLT1, XYLT2, YAE1D1, YAF2, YAP1, YARS, YARS2, YBEY, YBX1, YBX2, YBX3, YDJC, YEATS2, YEATS4, YES1, YIF1A, YIF1B, YIPF1, YIPF2, YIPF3, YIPF4, YIPF5, YIPF6, YIPF7, YJEFN3, YKT6, YLPM1, YME1L1, YOD1, YPEL1, YPEL2, YPEL3, YPEL4, YPEL5, YRDC, YTHDC1, YTHDC2, YTHDF1, YTHDF2, YTHDF3, YWHAB, YWHAE, YWHAG, YWHAH, YWHAQ, YWHAZ, YY1, YY1AP1, YY2, Z82206.1, Z83844.1, Z84492.1, Z98749.3, Z98752.3, ZACN, ZADH2, ZAN, ZAP70, ZAR1, ZAR1L, ZBBX, ZBED1, ZBED2, ZBED3, ZBED4, ZBED5, ZBED6, ZBED6CL, ZBED8, ZBED9, ZBP1, ZBTB1, ZBTB10, ZBTB11, ZBTB12, ZBTB14, ZBTB16, ZBTB17, ZBTB18, ZBTB2, ZBTB20, ZBTB21, ZBTB22, ZBTB24, ZBTB25, ZBTB26, ZBTB3, ZBTB32, ZBTB33, ZBTB34, ZBTB37, ZBTB38, ZBTB39, ZBTB4, ZBTB40, ZBTB41, ZBTB42, ZBTB43, ZBTB44, ZBTB45, ZBTB46, ZBTB47, ZBTB48, ZBTB49, ZBTB5, ZBTB6, ZBTB7A, ZBTB7B, ZBTB7C, ZBTB8A, ZBTB8B, ZBTB8OS, ZBTB9, ZC2HC1A, ZC2HC1B, ZC2HC1C, ZC3H10, ZC3H11A, ZC3H11B, ZC3H12A, ZC3H12B, ZC3H12C, ZC3H12D, ZC3H13, ZC3H14, ZC3H15, ZC3H18, ZC3H3, ZC3H4, ZC3H6, ZC3H7A, ZC3H7B, ZC3H8, ZC3HAV1, ZC3HAV1L, ZC3HC1, ZC4H2, ZCCHC10, ZCCHC11, ZCCHC12, ZCCHC13, ZCCHC14, ZCCHC17, ZCCHC18, ZCCHC2, ZCCHC24, ZCCHC3, ZCCHC4, ZCCHC6, ZCCHC7, ZCCHC8, ZCCHC9, ZCRB1, ZCWPW1, ZCWPW2, ZDBF2, ZDHHC1, ZDHHC11, ZDHHC11B, ZDHHC12, ZDHHC13, ZDHHC14, ZDHHC15, ZDHHC16, ZDHHC17, ZDHHC18, ZDHHC19, ZDHHC2, ZDHHC20, ZDHHC21, ZDHHC22, ZDHHC23, ZDHHC24, ZDHHC3, ZDHHC4, ZDHHC5, ZDHHC6, ZDHHC7, ZDHHC8, ZDHHC9, ZEB 1, ZEB2, ZER1, ZFAND1, ZFAND2A, ZFAND2B, ZFAND3, ZFAND4, ZFAND5, ZFAND6, ZFAT, ZFC3H1, ZFHX2, ZFHX3, ZFHX4, ZFP1, ZFP14, ZFP2, ZFP28, ZFP3, ZFP30, ZFP36, ZFP36L1, ZFP36L2, ZFP37, ZFP41, ZFP42, ZFP57, ZFP62, ZFP64, ZFP69, ZFP69B, ZFP82, ZFP90, ZFP91, ZFP91-CNTF, ZFP92, ZFPL1, ZFPM1, ZFPM2, ZFR, ZFR2, ZFX, ZFY, ZFYVE1, ZFYVE16, ZFYVE19, ZFYVE21, ZFYVE26, ZFYVE27, ZFYVE28, ZFYVE9, ZG16, ZG16B, ZGLP1, ZGPAT, ZGRF1, ZHX1, ZHX1-C8orf76, ZHX2, ZHX3, ZIC1, ZIC2, ZIC3, ZIC4, ZIC5, ZIK1, ZIM2, ZIM3, ZKSCAN1, ZKSCAN2, ZKSCAN3, ZKSCAN4, ZKSCAN5, ZKSCAN7, ZKSCAN8, ZMAT1, ZMAT2, ZMAT3, ZMAT4, ZMAT5, ZMIZ1, ZMIZ2, ZMPSTE24, ZMYM1, ZMYM2, ZMYM3, ZMYM4, ZMYM5, ZMYM6, ZMYND10, ZMYND11, ZMYND12, ZMYND15, ZMYND19, ZMYND8, ZNF10, ZNF100, ZNF101, ZNF106, ZNF107, ZNF112, ZNF114, ZNF117, ZNF12, ZNF121, ZNF124, ZNF131, ZNF132, ZNF133, ZNF134, ZNF135, ZNF136, ZNF138, ZNF14, ZNF140, ZNF141, ZNF142, ZNF143, ZNF146, ZNF148, ZNF154, ZNF155, ZNF157, ZNF16, ZNF160, ZNF165, ZNF169, ZNF17, ZNF174, ZNF175, ZNF177, ZNF18, ZNF180, ZNF181, ZNF182, ZNF184, ZNF185, ZNF189, ZNF19, ZNF195, ZNF197, ZNF2, ZNF20, ZNF200, ZNF202, ZNF205, ZNF207, ZNF208, ZNF211, ZNF212, ZNF213, ZNF214, ZNF215, ZNF217, ZNF219, ZNF22, ZNF221, ZNF222, ZNF223, ZNF224, ZNF225, ZNF226, ZNF227, ZNF229, ZNF23, ZNF230, ZNF232, ZNF233, ZNF234, ZNF235, ZNF236, ZNF239, ZNF24, ZNF248, ZNF25, ZNF250, ZNF251, ZNF253, ZNF254, ZNF256, ZNF257, ZNF26, ZNF260, ZNF263, ZNF264, ZNF266, ZNF267, ZNF268, ZNF273, ZNF274, ZNF275, ZNF276, ZNF277, ZNF28, ZNF280A, ZNF280B, ZNF280C, ZNF280D, ZNF281, ZNF282, ZNF283, ZNF284, ZNF285, ZNF286A, ZNF286B, ZNF287, ZNF292, ZNF296, ZNF3, ZNF30, ZNF300, ZNF302, ZNF304, ZNF311, ZNF316, ZNF317, ZNF318, ZNF319, ZNF32, ZNF320, ZNF322, ZNF324, ZNF324B, ZNF326, ZNF329, ZNF330, ZNF331, ZNF333, ZNF334, ZNF335, ZNF337, ZNF33A, ZNF33B, ZNF34, ZNF341, ZNF343, ZNF345, ZNF346, ZNF347, ZNF35, ZNF350, ZNF354A, ZNF354B, ZNF354C, ZNF358, ZNF362, ZNF365, ZNF366, ZNF367, ZNF37A, ZNF382, ZNF383, ZNF384, ZNF385A, ZNF385B, ZNF385C, ZNF385D, ZNF391, ZNF394, ZNF395, ZNF396, ZNF397, ZNF398, ZNF404, ZNF407, ZNF408, ZNF41, ZNF410, ZNF414, ZNF415, ZNF416, ZNF417, ZNF418, ZNF419, ZNF420, ZNF423, ZNF425, ZNF426, ZNF428, ZNF429, ZNF43, ZNF430, ZNF431, ZNF432, ZNF433, ZNF436, ZNF438, ZNF439, ZNF44, ZNF440, ZNF441, ZNF442, ZNF443, ZNF444, ZNF445, ZNF446, ZNF449, ZNF45, ZNF451, ZNF454, ZNF460, ZNF461, ZNF462, ZNF467, ZNF468, ZNF469, ZNF470, ZNF471, ZNF473, ZNF474, ZNF479, ZNF48, ZNF480, ZNF483, ZNF484, ZNF485, ZNF486, ZNF487, ZNF488, ZNF490, ZNF491, ZNF492, ZNF493, ZNF496, ZNF497, ZNF500, ZNF501, ZNF502, ZNF503, ZNF506, ZNF507, ZNF510, ZNF511, ZNF512, ZNF512B, ZNF513, ZNF514, ZNF516, ZNF517, ZNF518A, ZNF518B, ZNF519, ZNF521, ZNF524, ZNF525, ZNF526, ZNF527, ZNF528, ZNF529, ZNF530, ZNF532, ZNF534, ZNF536, ZNF540, ZNF541, ZNF543, ZNF544, ZNF546, ZNF547, ZNF548, ZNF549, ZNF550, ZNF551, ZNF552, ZNF554, ZNF555, ZNF556, ZNF557, ZNF558, ZNF559, ZNF559-ZNF177, ZNF560, ZNF561, ZNF562, ZNF563, ZNF564, ZNF565, ZNF566, ZNF567, ZNF568, ZNF569, ZNF57, ZNF570, ZNF571, ZNF572, ZNF573, ZNF574, ZNF575, ZNF576, ZNF577, ZNF578, ZNF579, ZNF580, ZNF581, ZNF582, ZNF583, ZNF584, ZNF585A, ZNF585B, ZNF586, ZNF587, ZNF587B, ZNF589, ZNF592, ZNF593, ZNF594, ZNF595, ZNF596, ZNF597, ZNF598, ZNF599, ZNF600, ZNF605, ZNF606, ZNF607, ZNF608, ZNF609, ZNF610, ZNF611, ZNF613, ZNF614, ZNF615, ZNF616, ZNF618, ZNF619, ZNF620, ZNF621, ZNF622, ZNF623, ZNF624, ZNF625, ZNF625-ZNF20, ZNF626, ZNF627, ZNF628, ZNF629, ZNF630, ZNF638, ZNF639, ZNF641, ZNF644, ZNF645, ZNF646, ZNF648, ZNF649, ZNF652, ZNF653, ZNF654, ZNF655, ZNF658, ZNF66, ZNF660, ZNF662, ZNF664, ZNF665, ZNF667, ZNF668, ZNF669, ZNF670, ZNF670-ZNF695, ZNF671, ZNF672, ZNF674, ZNF675, ZNF676, ZNF677, ZNF678, ZNF679, ZNF680, ZNF681, ZNF682, ZNF683, ZNF684, ZNF687, ZNF688, ZNF689, ZNF69, ZNF691, ZNF692, ZNF695, ZNF696, ZNF697, ZNF699, ZNF7, ZNF70, ZNF700, ZNF701, ZNF703, ZNF704, ZNF705A, ZNF705B, ZNF705D, ZNF705E, ZNF705G, ZNF706, ZNF707, ZNF708, ZNF709, ZNF71, ZNF710, ZNF711, ZNF713, ZNF714, ZNF716, ZNF717, ZNF718, ZNF720, ZNF721, ZNF724, ZNF726, ZNF727, ZNF728, ZNF729, ZNF730, ZNF732, ZNF735, ZNF736, ZNF737, ZNF738, ZNF74, ZNF740, ZNF746, ZNF747, ZNF749, ZNF750, ZNF75A, ZNF75D, ZNF76, ZNF761, ZNF763, ZNF764, ZNF765, ZNF766, ZNF768, ZNF77, ZNF770, ZNF771, ZNF772, ZNF773, ZNF774, ZNF775, ZNF776, ZNF777, ZNF778, ZNF780A, ZNF780B, ZNF781, ZNF782, ZNF783, ZNF784, ZNF785, ZNF786, ZNF787, ZNF788, ZNF789, ZNF79, ZNF790, ZNF791, ZNF792, ZNF793, ZNF799, ZNF8, ZNF80, ZNF800, ZNF804A, ZNF804B, ZNF805, ZNF808, ZNF81, ZNF813, ZNF814, ZNF816, ZNF816-ZNF321P, ZNF821, ZNF823, ZNF827, ZNF829, ZNF83, ZNF830, ZNF831, ZNF835, ZNF836, ZNF837, ZNF839, ZNF84, ZNF841, ZNF843, ZNF844, ZNF845, ZNF846, ZNF85, ZNF850, ZNF852, ZNF853, ZNF860, ZNF862, ZNF865, ZNF878, ZNF879, ZNF880, ZNF883, ZNF888, ZNF891, ZNF90, ZNF91, ZNF92, ZNF93, ZNF98, ZNF99, ZNFX1, ZNHIT1, ZNHIT2, ZNHIT3, ZNHIT6, ZNRD1, ZNRF1, ZNRF2, ZNRF3, ZNRF4, ZP1, ZP2, ZP3, ZP4, ZPBP, ZPBP2, ZPLD1, ZPR1, ZRANB1, ZRANB2, ZRANB3, ZRSR1, ZRSR2, ZSCAN1, ZSCAN10, ZSCAN12, ZSCAN16, ZSCAN18, ZSCAN2, ZSCAN20, ZSCAN21, ZSCAN22, ZSCAN23, ZSCAN25, ZSCAN26, ZSCAN29, ZSCAN30, ZSCAN31, ZSCAN32, ZSCAN4, ZSCAN5A, ZSCAN5B, ZSCAN5C, ZSCAN9, ZSWIM1, ZSWIM2, ZSWIM3, ZSWIM4, ZSWIM5, ZSWIM6, ZSWIM7, ZSWIM8, ZUFSP, ZW10, ZWILCH, ZWINT, ZXDA, ZXDB, ZXDC, ZYG11A, ZYG11B, ZYX, ZZEF1, and ZZZ3.

Protein Level Control

This description also provides methods for the control of protein levels with a cell. This is based on the use of compounds as described herein, which are known to interact with a specific target protein such that degradation of a target protein in vivo will result in the control of the amount of protein in a biological system, prerferably to a particular therapeutic benefit.

Furthermore, the invention provides the use of a compound according to the definitions herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a hydrate or solvate thereof for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of an autoimmune disorder, an inflammatory disorder, or a proliferative disorder, or a disorder commonly occurring in connection with transplantation.

Combination Therapies

Depending upon the particular condition, or disease, to be treated, additional therapeutic agents, which are normally administered to treat that condition, may be administered in combination with compounds and compositions of this invention. As used herein, additional therapeutic agents that are normally administered to treat a particular disease, or condition, are known as “appropriate for the disease, or condition, being treated.”

In certain embodiments, a provided combination, or composition thereof, is administered in combination with another therapeutic agent.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating a disclosed disease or condition comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound disclosed herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and co-administering simultaneously or sequentially an effective amount of one or more additional therapeutic agents, such as those described herein. In some embodiments, the method includes co-administering one additional therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the method includes co-administering two additional therapeutic agents. In some embodiments, the combination of the disclosed compound and the additional therapeutic agent or agents acts synergistically.

Examples of agents the combinations of this invention may also be combined with include, without limitation: treatments for Alzheimer’s Disease such as Aricept® and Excelon®; treatments for HIV such as ritonavir; treatments for Parkinson’s Disease such as L-DOPA/carbidopa, entacapone, ropinrole, pramipexole, bromocriptine, pergolide, trihexephendyl, and amantadine; agents for treating Multiple Sclerosis (MS) such as beta interferon (e.g., Avonex® and Rebif®), Copaxone®, and mitoxantrone; treatments for asthma such as albuterol and Singulair®; agents for treating schizophrenia such as zyprexa, risperdal, seroquel, and haloperidol; anti-inflammatory agents such as corticosteroids, TNF blockers, IL-1 RA, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, and sulfasalazine; immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive agents such as cyclosporin, tacrolimus, rapamycin, mycophenolate mofetil, interferons, corticosteroids, cyclophophamide, azathioprine, and sulfasalazine; neurotrophic factors such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, MAO inhibitors, interferons, anti-convulsants, ion channel blockers, riluzole, and anti-Parkinsonian agents; agents for treating cardiovascular disease such as beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, diuretics, nitrates, calcium channel blockers, and statins; agents for treating liver disease such as corticosteroids, cholestyramine, interferons, and anti-viral agents; agents for treating blood disorders such as corticosteroids, anti-leukemic agents, and growth factors; agents that prolong or improve pharmacokinetics such as cytochrome P450 inhibitors (i.e., inhibitors of metabolic breakdown) and CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g., ketokenozole and ritonavir), and agents for treating immunodeficiency disorders such as gamma globulin.

In certain embodiments, combination therapies of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable composition thereof, are administered in combination with a monoclonal antibody or an siRNA therapeutic.

Those additional agents may be administered separately from a provided combination therapy, as part of a multiple dosage regimen. Alternatively, those agents may be part of a single dosage form, mixed together with a compound of this invention in a single composition. If administered as part of a multiple dosage regime, the two active agents may be submitted simultaneously, sequentially or within a period of time from one another normally within five hours from one another.

As used herein, the term “combination,” “combined,” and related terms refers to the simultaneous or sequential administration of therapeutic agents in accordance with this invention. For example, a combination of the present invention may be administered with another therapeutic agent simultaneously or sequentially in separate unit dosage forms or together in a single unit dosage form.

The amount of additional therapeutic agent present in the compositions of this invention will be no more than the amount that would normally be administered in a composition comprising that therapeutic agent as the only active agent. Preferably the amount of additional therapeutic agent in the presently disclosed compositions will range from about 50% to 100% of the amount normally present in a composition comprising that agent as the only therapeutically active agent.

One or more other therapeutic agent may be administered separately from a compound or composition of the invention, as part of a multiple dosage regimen. Alternatively, one or more other therapeutic agents agents may be part of a single dosage form, mixed together with a compound of this invention in a single composition. If administered as a multiple dosage regime, one or more other therapeutic agent and a compound or composition of the invention may be administered simultaneously, sequentially or within a period of time from one another, for example within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24 hours from one another. In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent and a compound or composition of the invention are administerd as a multiple dosage regimen within greater than 24 hours aparts.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a composition comprising a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents. The therapeutic agent may be administered together with a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or may be administered prior to or following administration of a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Suitable therapeutic agents are described in further detail below. In certain embodiments, a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be administered up to 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5, hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, 11 hours, 12 hours, 13 hours, 14 hours, 15 hours, 16 hours, 17 hours, or 18 hours before the therapeutic agent. In other embodiments, a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be administered up to 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5, hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, 11 hours, 12 hours, 13 hours, 14 hours, 15 hours, 16 hours, 17 hours, or 18 hours following the therapeutic agent.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating an inflammatory disease, disorder or condition by administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents. Such additional therapeutic agents may be small molecules or recombinant biologic agents and include, for example, acetaminophen, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, etodolac (Lodine®) and celecoxib, colchicine (Colcrys®), corticosteroids such as prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone, and the like, probenecid, allopurinol, febuxostat (Uloric®), sulfasalazine (Azulfidine®), antimalarials such as hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil®) and chloroquine (Aralen®), methotrexate (Rheumatrex®), gold salts such as gold thioglucose (Solganal®), gold thiomalate (Myochrysine®) and auranofin (Ridaura®), D-penicillamine (Depen® or Cuprimine®), azathioprine (Imuran®), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®), chlorambucil (Leukeran®), cyclosporine (Sandimmune®), leflunomide (Arava®) and “anti-TNF” agents such as etanercept (Enbrel®), infliximab (Remicade®), golimumab (Simponi®), certolizumab pegol (Cimzia®) and adalimumab (Humira®), “anti-IL-1” agents such as anakinra (Kineret®) and rilonacept (Arcalyst®), canakinumab (Haris®), anti-Jak inhibitors such as tofacitinib, antibodies such as rituximab (Rituxan®), “anti-T-cell” agents such as abatacept (Orencia®), “anti-IL-6” agents such as tocilizumab (Actemra®), diclofenac, cortisone, hyaluronic acid (Synvisc® or Hyalgan®), monoclonal antibodies such as tanezumab, anticoagulants such as heparin (Calcinparine® or Liquaemin®) and warfarin (Coumadin®), antidiarrheals such as diphenoxylate (Lomotil®) and loperamide (Imodium®), bile acid binding agents such as cholestyramine, alosetron (Lotronex®), lubiprostone (Amitiza®), laxatives such as Milk of Magnesia, polyethylene glycol (MiraLax®), Dulcolax®, Correctol® and Senokot®, anticholinergics or antispasmodics such as dicyclomine (Bentyl®), Singulair®, beta-2 agonists such as albuterol (Ventolin® HFA, Proventil® HFA), levalbuterol (Xopenex®), metaproterenol (Alupent®), pirbuterol acetate (Maxair®), terbutaline sulfate (Brethaire®), salmeterol xinafoate (Serevent®) and formoterol (Foradil®), anticholinergic agents such as ipratropium bromide (Atrovent®) and tiotropium (Spiriva®), inhaled corticosteroids such as beclomethasone dipropionate (Beclovent®, Qvar®, and Vanceril®), triamcinolone acetonide (Azmacort®), mometasone (Asthmanex®), budesonide (Pulmocort®), and flunisolide (Aerobid®), Afviar®, Symbicort®, Dulera®, cromolyn sodium (Intal®), methylxanthines such as theophylline (Theo-Dur®, Theolair®, Slo-bid®, Uniphyl®, Theo-24®) and aminophylline, IgE antibodies such as omalizumab (Xolair®), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as zidovudine (Retrovir®), abacavir (Ziagen®), abacavir/lamivudine (Epzicom®), abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine (Trizivir®), didanosine (Videx®), emtricitabine (Emtriva®), lamivudine (Epivir®), lamivudine/zidovudine (Combivir®), stavudine (Zerit®), and zalcitabine (Hivid®), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as delavirdine (Rescriptor®), efavirenz (Sustiva®), nevairapine (Viramune®) and etravirine (Intelence®), nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as tenofovir (Viread®), protease inhibitors such as amprenavir (Agenerase®), atazanavir (Reyataz®), darunavir (Prezista®), fosamprenavir (Lexiva®), indinavir (Crixivan®), lopinavir and ritonavir (Kaletra®), nelfinavir (Viracept®), ritonavir (Norvir®), saquinavir (Fortovase® or Invirase®), and tipranavir (Aptivus®), entry inhibitors such as enfuvirtide (Fuzeon®) and maraviroc (Selzentry®), integrase inhibitors such as raltegravir (Isentress®), doxorubicin (Hydrodaunorubicin®), vincristine (Oncovin®), bortezomib (Velcade®), and dexamethasone (Decadron ®) in combination with lenalidomide (Revlimid ®), or any combination(s) thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating gout comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, etodolac (Lodine®) and celecoxib, colchicine (Colcrys®), corticosteroids such as prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone, and the like, probenecid, allopurinol and febuxostat (Uloric ®).

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating rheumatoid arthritis comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, etodolac (Lodine®) and celecoxib, corticosteroids such as prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone, and the like, sulfasalazine (Azulfidine®), antimalarials such as hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil®) and chloroquine (Aralen®), methotrexate (Rheumatrex®), gold salts such as gold thioglucose (Solganal®), gold thiomalate (Myochrysine®) and auranofin (Ridaura®), D-penicillamine (Depen® or Cuprimine®), azathioprine (Imuran®), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®), chlorambucil (Leukeran®), cyclosporine (Sandimmune®), leflunomide (Arava®) and “anti-TNF” agents such as etanercept (Enbrel®), infliximab (Remicade®), golimumab (Simponi®), certolizumab pegol (Cimzia®) and adalimumab (Humira®), “anti-IL-1” agents such as anakinra (Kineret®) and rilonacept (Arcalyst®), antibodies such as rituximab (Rituxan®), “anti-T-cell” agents such as abatacept (Orencia®) and “anti-IL-6” agents such as tocilizumab (Actemra®).

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating osteoarthritis comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from acetaminophen, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, etodolac (Lodine®) and celecoxib, diclofenac, cortisone, hyaluronic acid (Synvisc® or Hyalgan®) and monoclonal antibodies such as tanezumab.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating lupus comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from acetaminophen, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, etodolac (Lodine®) and celecoxib, corticosteroids such as prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone, and the like, antimalarials such as hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil®) and chloroquine (Aralen®), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®), methotrexate (Rheumatrex®), azathioprine (Imuran®) and anticoagulants such as heparin (Calcinparine® or Liquaemin®) and warfarin (Coumadin®).

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating inflammatory bowel disease comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from mesalamine (Asacol®) sulfasalazine (Azulfidine®), antidiarrheals such as diphenoxylate (Lomotil®) and loperamide (Imodium®), bile acid binding agents such as cholestyramine, alosetron (Lotronex®), lubiprostone (Amitiza®), laxatives such as Milk of Magnesia, polyethylene glycol (MiraLax®), Dulcolax®, Correctol® and Senokot@ and anticholinergics or antispasmodics such as dicyclomine (Bentyl®), anti-TNF therapies, steroids, and antibiotics such as Flagyl or ciprofloxacin.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating asthma comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from Singulair®, beta-2 agonists such as albuterol (Ventolin® HFA, Proventil® HFA), levalbuterol (Xopenex®), metaproterenol (Alupent®), pirbuterol acetate (Maxair®), terbutaline sulfate (Brethaire®), salmeterol xinafoate (Serevent®) and formoterol (Foradil®), anticholinergic agents such as ipratropium bromide (Atrovent®) and tiotropium (Spiriva®), inhaled corticosteroids such as prednisone, prednisolone, beclomethasone dipropionate (Beclovent®, Qvar®, and Vanceril®), triamcinolone acetonide (Azmacort®), mometasone (Asthmanex®), budesonide (Pulmocort®), flunisolide (Aerobid®), Afviar®, Symbicort®, and Dulera®, cromolyn sodium (Intal®), methylxanthines such as theophylline (Theo-Dur®, Theolair®, Slo-bid®, Uniphyl®, Theo-24®) and aminophylline, and IgE antibodies such as omalizumab (Xolair®).

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating COPD comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from beta-2 agonists such as albuterol (Ventolin® HFA, Proventil® HFA), levalbuterol (Xopenex®), metaproterenol (Alupent®), pirbuterol acetate (Maxair®), terbutaline sulfate (Brethaire®), salmeterol xinafoate (Serevent®) and formoterol (Foradil®), anticholinergic agents such as ipratropium bromide (Atrovent®) and tiotropium (Spiriva®), methylxanthines such as theophylline (Theo-Dur®, Theolair®, Slo-bid®, Uniphyl®, Theo-24®) and aminophylline, inhaled corticosteroids such as prednisone, prednisolone, beclomethasone dipropionate (Beclovent®, Qvar®, and Vanceril®), triamcinolone acetonide (Azmacort®), mometasone (Asthmanex®), budesonide (Pulmocort®), flunisolide (Aerobid®), Afviar®, Symbicort®, and Dulera®,

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating HIV comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as zidovudine (Retrovir®), abacavir (Ziagen®), abacavir/lamivudine (Epzicom®), abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine (Trizivir®), didanosine (Videx®), emtricitabine (Emtriva®), lamivudine (Epivir®), lamivudine/zidovudine (Combivir®), stavudine (Zerit®), and zalcitabine (Hivid®), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as delavirdine (Rescriptor®), efavirenz (Sustiva®), nevairapine (Viramune®) and etravirine (Intelence®), nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as tenofovir (Viread®), protease inhibitors such as amprenavir (Agenerase®), atazanavir (Reyataz®), darunavir (Prezista®), fosamprenavir (Lexiva®), indinavir (Crixivan®), lopinavir and ritonavir (Kaletra®), nelfinavir (Viracept®), ritonavir (Norvir®), saquinavir (Fortovase® or Invirase®), and tipranavir (Aptivus®), entry inhibitors such as enfuvirtide (Fuzeon®) and maraviroc (Selzentry®), integrase inhibitors such as raltegravir (Isentress®), and combinations thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating a hematological malignancy comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from rituximab (Rituxan®), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®), doxorubicin (Hydrodaunorubicin®), vincristine (Oncovin®), prednisone, a hedgehog signaling inhibitor, a BTK inhibitor, a JAK/pan-JAK inhibitor, a TYK2 inhibitor, a PI3K inhibitor, a SYK inhibitor, and combinations thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating a solid tumor comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from rituximab (Rituxan®), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®), doxorubicin (Hydrodaunorubicin®), vincristine (Oncovin®), prednisone, a hedgehog signaling inhibitor, a BTK inhibitor, a JAK/pan-JAK inhibitor, a TYK2 inhibitor, a PI3K inhibitor, a SYK inhibitor, and combinations thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating a hematological malignancy comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway inhibitor. In some embodiments, the hematological malignancy is DLBCL (Ramirez et al “Defining causative factors contributing in the activation of hedgehog signaling in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma” Leuk. Res. (2012), published online July 17, and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from rituximab (Rituxan®), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®), doxorubicin (Hydrodaunorubicin®), vincristine (Oncovin®), prednisone, a hedgehog signaling inhibitor, and combinations thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating multiple myeloma comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from bortezomib (Velcade®), and dexamethasone (Decadron®), a hedgehog signaling inhibitor, a BTK inhibitor, a JAK/pan-JAK inhibitor, a TYK2 inhibitor, a PI3K inhibitor, a SYK inhibitor in combination with lenalidomide (Revlimid®).

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from chlorambucil (Leukeran®), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®, Neosar®), fludarabine (Fludara®), cladribine (Leustatin®), rituximab (Rituxan®), a hedgehog signaling inhibitor, a BTK inhibitor, a JAK/pan-JAK inhibitor, a TYK2 inhibitor, a PI3K inhibitor, and a SYK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is an antagonist of the hedgehog pathway. Approved hedgehog pathway inhibitors which may be used in the present invention include sonidegib (Odomzo®, Sun Pharmaceuticals); and vismodegib (Erivedge®, Genentech), both for treatment of basal cell carcinoma.

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is a Poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor. In some embodiments, a PARP inhibitor is selected from olaparib (Lynparza®, AstraZeneca); rucaparib (Rubraca®, Clovis Oncology); niraparib (Zejula®, Tesaro); talazoparib (MDV3800/BMN 673/LT00673, Medivation/Pfizer/Biomarin); veliparib (ABT-888, AbbVie); and BGB-290 (BeiGene, Inc.).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. In some embodiments, an HDAC inhibitor is selected from vorinostat (Zolinza®, Merck); romidepsin (Istodax®, Celgene); panobinostat (Farydak®, Novartis); belinostat (Beleodaq®, Spectrum Pharmaceuticals); entinostat (SNDX-275, Syndax Pharmaceuticals) (NCT00866333); and chidamide (Epidaza®, HBI-8000, Chipscreen Biosciences, China).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is a CDK inhibitor, such as a CDK4/CDK6 inhibitor. In some embodiments, a CDK 4/6 inhibitor is selected from palbociclib (Ibrance®, Pfizer); ribociclib (Kisqali®, Novartis); abemaciclib (Ly2835219, Eli Lilly); and trilaciclib (G1T28, G1 Therapeutics).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is a folic acid inhibitor. Approved folic acid inhibitors useful in the present invention include pemetrexed (Alimta®, Eli Lilly).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is a CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) inhibitor. CCR4 inhibitors being studied that may be useful in the present invention include mogamulizumab (Poteligeo®, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Japan).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is an isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) inhibitor. IDH inhibitors being studied which may be used in the present invention include AG120 (Celgene; NCT02677922); AG221 (Celgene, NCT02677922; NCT02577406); BAY1436032 (Bayer, NCT02746081); IDH305 (Novartis, NCT02987010).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is an arginase inhibitor. Arginase inhibitors being studied which may be used in the present invention include AEB1102 (pegylated recombinant arginase, Aeglea Biotherapeutics), which is being studied in Phase 1 clinical trials for acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome (NCT02732184) and solid tumors (NCT02561234); and CB-1158 (Calithera Biosciences).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is a glutaminase inhibitor. Glutaminase inhibitors being studied which may be used in the present invention include CB-839 (Calithera Biosciences).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is an antibody that binds to tumor antigens, that is, proteins expressed on the cell surface of tumor cells. Approved antibodies that bind to tumor antigens which may be used in the present invention include rituximab (Rituxan®, Genentech/BiogenIdec); ofatumumab (anti-CD20, Arzerra®, GlaxoSmithKline); obinutuzumab (anti-CD20, Gazyva®, Genentech), ibritumomab (anti-CD20 and Yttrium-90, Zevalin®, Spectrum Pharmaceuticals); daratumumab (anti-CD38, Darzalex®, Janssen Biotech), dinutuximab (anti-glycolipid GD2, Unituxin®, United Therapeutics); trastuzumab (anti-HER2, Herceptin®, Genentech); ado-trastuzumab emtansine (anti-HER2, fused to emtansine, Kadcyla®, Genentech); and pertuzumab (anti-HER2, Peijeta®, Genentech); and brentuximab vedotin (anti-CD30-drug conjugate, Adcetris®, Seattle Genetics).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is a topoisomerase inhibitor. Approved topoisomerase inhibitors useful in the present invention include irinotecan (Onivyde®, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals); topotecan (Hycamtin®, GlaxoSmithKline). Topoisomerase inhibitors being studied which may be used in the present invention include pixantrone (Pixuvri®, CTI Biopharma).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is an inhibitor of anti-apoptotic proteins, such as BCL-2. Approved anti-apoptotics which may be used in the present invention include venetoclax (Venclexta®, AbbVie/Genentech); and blinatumomab (Blincyto®, Amgen). Other therapeutic agents targeting apoptotic proteins which have undergone clinical testing and may be used in the present invention include navitoclax (ABT-263, Abbott), a BCL-2 inhibitor (NCT02079740).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is an androgen receptor inhibitor. Approved androgen receptor inhibitors useful in the present invention include enzalutamide (Xtandi®, Astellas/Medivation); approved inhibitors of androgen synthesis include abiraterone (Zytiga®, Centocor/Ortho); approved antagonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor (degaralix, Firmagon®, Ferring Pharmaceuticals).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), which interferes with the synthesis or activity of estrogens. Approved SERMs useful in the present invention include raloxifene (Evista®, Eli Lilly).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is an inhibitor of bone resorption. An approved therapeutic which inhibits bone resorption is Denosumab (Xgeva®, Amgen), an antibody that binds to RANKL, prevents binding to its receptor RANK, found on the surface of osteoclasts, their precursors, and osteoclast-like giant cells, which mediates bone pathology in solid tumors with osseous metastases. Other approved therapeutics that inhibit bone resorption include bisphosphonates, such as zoledronic acid (Zometa®, Novartis).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is an inhibitor of interaction between the two primary p53 suppressor proteins, MDMX and MDM2. Inhibitors of p53 suppression proteins being studied which may be used in the present invention include ALRN-6924 (Aileron), a stapled peptide that equipotently binds to and disrupts the interaction of MDMX and MDM2 with p53. ALRN-6924 is currently being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of AML, advanced myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) (NCT02909972; NCT02264613).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is an inhibitor of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta or TGFβ). Inhibitors of TGF-beta proteins being studied which may be used in the present invention include NIS793 (Novartis), an anti-TGF-beta antibody being tested in the clinic for treatment of various cancers, including breast, lung, hepatocellular, colorectal, pancreatic, prostate and renal cancer (NCT 02947165). In some embodiments, the inhibitor of TGF-beta proteins is fresolimumab (GC1008; Sanofi-Genzyme), which is being studied for melanoma (NCT00923169); renal cell carcinoma (NCT00356460); and non-small cell lung cancer (NCT02581787). Additionally, in some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is a TGF-beta trap, such as described in Connolly et al. (2012) Int’l J. Biological Sciences 8:964-978. One therapeutic compound currently in clinical trials for treatment of solid tumors is M7824 (Merck KgaA - formerly MSB0011459X), which is a bispecific, anti-PD-L1/TGFβ trap compound (NCT02699515); and (NCT02517398). M7824 is comprised of a fully human IgG1 antibody against PD-L1 fused to the extracellular domain of human TGF-beta receptor II, which functions as a TGFβ “trap.”

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is selected from glembatumumab vedotin-monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) (Celldex), an anti-glycoprotein NMB (gpNMB) antibody (CR011) linked to the cytotoxic MMAE. gpNMB is a protein overexpressed by multiple tumor types associated with cancer cells’ ability to metastasize.

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is an antiproliferative compound. Such antiproliferative compounds include, but are not limited to aromatase inhibitors; antiestrogens; topoisomerase I inhibitors; topoisomerase II inhibitors; microtubule active compounds; alkylating compounds; histone deacetylase inhibitors; compounds which induce cell differentiation processes; cyclooxygenase inhibitors; MMP inhibitors; mTOR inhibitors; antineoplastic antimetabolites; platin compounds; compounds targeting/decreasing a protein or lipid kinase activity and further anti-angiogenic compounds; compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of a protein or lipid phosphatase; gonadorelin agonists; anti-androgens; methionine aminopeptidase inhibitors; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors; bisphosphonates; biological response modifiers; antiproliferative antibodies; heparanase inhibitors; inhibitors of Ras oncogenic isoforms; telomerase inhibitors; proteasome inhibitors; compounds used in the treatment of hematologic malignancies; compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of Flt-3; Hsp90 inhibitors such as 17-AAG (17-allylaminogeldanamycin, NSC330507), 17-DMAG (17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxy-geldanamycin, NSC707545), IPI-504, CNF1010, CNF2024, CNF1010 from Conforma Therapeutics; temozolomide (Temodal®); kinesin spindle protein inhibitors, such as SB715992 or SB743921 from GlaxoSmithKline, or pentamidine/chlorpromazine from CombinatoRx; MEK inhibitors such as ARRY142886 from Array BioPharma, AZd₆244 from AstraZeneca, PD181461 from Pfizer and leucovorin.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating Alzheimer’s disease comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from donepezil (Aricept®), rivastigmine (Excelon®), galantamine (Razadyne®), tacrine (Cognex®), and memantine (Namenda®).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is a taxane compound, which causes disruption of microtubules, which are essential for cell division. In some embodiments, a taxane compound is selected from paclitaxel (Taxol®, Bristol-Myers Squibb), docetaxel (Taxotere®, Sanofi-Aventis; Docefrez®, Sun Pharmaceutical), albumin-bound paclitaxel (Abraxane®; Abraxis/Celgene), cabazitaxel (Jevtana®, Sanofi-Aventis), and SID530 (SK Chemicals, Co.) (NCT00931008).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is a nucleoside inhibitor, or a therapeutic agent that interferes with normal DNA synthesis, protein synthesis, cell replication, or will otherwise inhibit rapidly proliferating cells.

In some embodiments, a nucleoside inhibitor is selected from trabectedin (guanidine alkylating agent, Yondelis®, Janssen Oncology), mechlorethamine (alkylating agent, Valchlor®, Aktelion Pharmaceuticals); vincristine (Oncovin®, Eli Lilly; Vincasar®, Teva Pharmaceuticals; Marqibo®, Talon Therapeutics); temozolomide (prodrug to alkylating agent 5-(3-methyltriazen-1-yl)-imidazole-4-carboxamide (MTIC) Temodar®, Merck); cytarabine injection (ara-C, antimetabolic cytidine analog, Pfizer); lomustine (alkylating agent, CeeNU®, Bristol-Myers Squibb; Gleostine®, NextSource Biotechnology); azacitidine (pyrimidine nucleoside analog of cytidine, Vidaza®, Celgene); omacetaxine mepesuccinate (cephalotaxine ester) (protein synthesis inhibitor, Synribo®; Teva Pharmaceuticals); asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi (enzyme for depletion of asparagine, Elspar®, Lundbeck; Erwinaze®, EUSA Pharma); eribulin mesylate (microtubule inhibitor, tubulin-based antimitotic, Halaven®, Eisai); cabazitaxel (microtubule inhibitor, tubulin-based antimitotic, Jevtana®, Sanofi-Aventis); capacetrine (thymidylate synthase inhibitor, Xeloda®, Genentech); bendamustine (bifunctional mechlorethamine derivative, believed to form interstrand DNA cross-links, Treanda®, Cephalon/Teva); ixabepilone (semi-synthetic analog of epothilone B, microtubule inhibitor, tubulin-based antimitotic, Ixempra®, Bristol-Myers Squibb); nelarabine (prodrug of deoxyguanosine analog, nucleoside metabolic inhibitor, Arranon®, Novartis); clorafabine (prodrug of ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor, competitive inhibitor of deoxycytidine, Clolar®, Sanofi-Aventis); and trifluridine and tipiracil (thymidine-based nucleoside analog and thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor, Lonsurf®, Taiho Oncology).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is a kinase inhibitor or VEGF-R antagonist. Approved VEGF inhibitors and kinase inhibitors useful in the present invention include: bevacizumab (Avastin®, Genentech/Roche) an anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody; ramucirumab (Cyramza®, Eli Lilly), an anti-VEGFR-2 antibody and ziv-aflibercept, also known as VEGF Trap (Zaltrap®; Regeneron/Sanofi). VEGFR inhibitors, such as regorafenib (Stivarga®, Bayer); vandetanib (Caprelsa®, AstraZeneca); axitinib (Inlyta®, Pfizer); and lenvatinib (Lenvima®, Eisai); Raf inhibitors, such as sorafenib (Nexavar®, Bayer AG and Onyx); dabrafenib (Tafinlar®, Novartis); and vemurafenib (Zelboraf®, Genentech/Roche); MEK inhibitors, such as cobimetanib (Cotellic®, Exelexis/Genentech/Roche); trametinib (Mekinist®, Novartis); Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as imatinib (Gleevec®, Novartis); nilotinib (Tasigna®, Novartis); dasatinib (Sprycel®, BristolMyersSquibb); bosutinib (Bosulif®, Pfizer); and ponatinib (Inclusig®, Ariad Pharmaceuticals); Her2 and EGFR inhibitors, such as gefitinib (Iressa®, AstraZeneca); erlotinib (Tarceeva®, Genentech/Roche/Astellas); lapatinib (Tykerb®, Novartis); afatinib (Gilotrif®, Boehringer Ingelheim); osimertinib (targeting activated EGFR, Tagrisso®, AstraZeneca); and brigatinib (Alunbrig®, Ariad Pharmaceuticals); c-Met and VEGFR2 inhibitors, such as cabozanitib (Cometriq®, Exelexis); and multikinase inhibitors, such as sunitinib (Sutent®, Pfizer); pazopanib (Votrient®, Novartis); ALK inhibitors, such as crizotinib (Xalkori®, Pfizer); ceritinib (Zykadia®, Novartis); and alectinib (Alecenza®, Genentech/Roche); Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as ibrutinib (Imbruvica®, Pharmacyclics/Janssen); and Flt3 receptor inhibitors, such as midostaurin (Rydapt®, Novartis).

Other kinase inhibitors and VEGF-R antagonists that are in development and may be used in the present invention include tivozanib (Aveo Pharmaecuticals); vatalanib (Bayer/Novartis); lucitanib (Clovis Oncology); dovitinib (TKI258, Novartis); Chiauanib (Chipscreen Biosciences); CEP-11981 (Cephalon); linifanib (Abbott Laboratories); neratinib (HKI-272, Puma Biotechnology); radotinib (Supect®, IY5511, Il-Yang Pharmaceuticals, S. Korea); ruxolitinib (Jakafi®, Incyte Corporation); PTC299 (PTC Therapeutics); CP-547,632 (Pfizer); foretinib (Exelexis, GlaxoSmithKline); quizartinib (Daiichi Sankyo) and motesanib (Amgen/Takeda).

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating organ transplant rejection or graft vs. host disease comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from a steroid, cyclosporin, FK506, rapamycin, a hedgehog signaling inhibitor, a BTK inhibitor, a JAK/pan-JAK inhibitor, a TYK2 inhibitor, a PI3K inhibitor, and a SYK inhibitor.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or lessening the severity of a disease comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a BTK inhibitor, wherein the disease is selected from inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), vasculitis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, osteoarthritis, Still’s disease, juvenile arthritis, diabetes, myasthenia gravis, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Ord’s thyroiditis, Graves’ disease, autoimmune thyroiditis, Sjogren’s syndrome, multiple sclerosis, systemic sclerosis, Lyme neuroborreliosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, Addison’s disease, opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, ankylosing spondylosis, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, aplastic anemia, autoimmune hepatitis, autoimmune gastritis, pernicious anemia, celiac disease, Goodpasture’s syndrome, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, optic neuritis, scleroderma, primary biliary cirrhosis, Reiter’s syndrome, Takayasu’s arteritis, temporal arteritis, warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Wegener’s granulomatosis, psoriasis, alopecia universalis, Behcet’s disease, chronic fatigue, dysautonomia, membranous glomerulonephropathy, endometriosis, interstitial cystitis, pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid, neuromyotonia, scleroderma, vulvodynia, a hyperproliferative disease, rejection of transplanted organs or tissues, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS, also known as HIV), type 1 diabetes, graft versus host disease, transplantation, transfusion, anaphylaxis, allergies (e.g., allergies to plant pollens, latex, drugs, foods, insect poisons, animal hair, animal dander, dust mites, or cockroach calyx), type I hypersensitivity, allergic conjunctivitis, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis, asthma, appendicitis, atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergy, blepharitis, bronchiolitis, bronchitis, bursitis, cervicitis, cholangitis, cholecystitis, chronic graft rejection, colitis, conjunctivitis, Crohn’s disease, cystitis, dacryoadenitis, dermatitis, dermatomyositis, encephalitis, endocarditis, endometritis, enteritis, enterocolitis, epicondylitis, epididymitis, fasciitis, fibrositis, gastritis, gastroenteritis, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, hepatitis, hidradenitis suppurativa, immunoglobulin A nephropathy, interstitial lung disease, laryngitis, mastitis, meningitis, myelitis myocarditis, myositis, nephritis, oophoritis, orchitis, osteitis, otitis, pancreatitis, parotitis, pericarditis, peritonitis, pharyngitis, pleuritis, phlebitis, pneumonitis, pneumonia, polymyositis, proctitis, prostatitis, pyelonephritis, rhinitis, salpingitis, sinusitis, stomatitis, synovitis, tendonitis, tonsillitis, ulcerative colitis, uveitis, vaginitis, vasculitis, or vulvitis, B-cell proliferative disorder, e.g., diffuse large B cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, splenic marginal zone lymphoma, multiple myeloma (also known as plasma cell myeloma), non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, plasmacytoma, extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma, nodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, mediastinal (thymic) large B cell lymphoma, intravascular large B cell lymphoma, primary effusion lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia, or lymphomatoid granulomatosis, breast cancer, prostate cancer, or cancer of the mast cells (e.g., mastocytoma, mast cell leukemia, mast cell sarcoma, systemic mastocytosis), bone cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, diseases of the bone and joints including, without limitation, rheumatoid arthritis, seronegative spondyloarthropathies (including ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis and Reiter’s disease), Behcet’s disease, Sjogren’s syndrome, systemic sclerosis, osteoporosis, bone cancer, bone metastasis, a thromboembolic disorder, (e.g., myocardial infarct, angina pectoris, reocclusion after angioplasty, restenosis after angioplasty, reocclusion after aortocoronary bypass, restenosis after aortocoronary bypass, stroke, transitory ischemia, a peripheral arterial occlusive disorder, pulmonary embolism, deep venous thrombosis), inflammatory pelvic disease, urethritis, skin sunburn, sinusitis, pneumonitis, encephalitis, meningitis, myocarditis, nephritis, osteomyelitis, myositis, hepatitis, gastritis, enteritis, dermatitis, gingivitis, appendicitis, pancreatitis, cholocystitus, agammaglobulinemia, psoriasis, allergy, Crohn’s disease, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, Sjogren’s disease, tissue graft rejection, hyperacute rejection of transplanted organs, asthma, allergic rhinitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), autoimmune polyglandular disease (also known as autoimmune polyglandular syndrome), autoimmune alopecia, pernicious anemia, glomerulonephritis, dermatomyositis, multiple sclerosis, scleroderma, vasculitis, autoimmune hemolytic and thrombocytopenic states, Goodpasture’s syndrome, atherosclerosis, Addison’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, septic shock, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, juvenile arthritis, osteoarthritis, chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, myasthenia gravis, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, atopic dermatitis, degenerative joint disease, vitiligo, autoimmune hypopituitarism, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Behcet’s disease, scleraderma, mycosis fungoides, acute inflammatory responses (such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and ischemia/reperfusion injury), and Graves’ disease.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or lessening the severity of a disease comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a PI3K inhibitor, wherein the disease is selected from a cancer, a neurodegenative disorder, an angiogenic disorder, a viral disease, an autoimmune disease, an inflammatory disorder, a hormone-related disease, conditions associated with organ transplantation, immunodeficiency disorders, a destructive bone disorder, a proliferative disorder, an infectious disease, a condition associated with cell death, thrombin-induced platelet aggregation, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), liver disease, pathologic immune conditions involving T cell activation, a cardiovascular disorder, and a CNS disorder.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or lessening the severity of a disease comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a PI3K inhibitor, wherein the disease is selected from benign or malignant tumor, carcinoma or solid tumor of the brain, kidney (e.g., renal cell carcinoma (RCC)), liver, adrenal gland, bladder, breast, stomach, gastric tumors, ovaries, colon, rectum, prostate, pancreas, lung, vagina, endometrium, cervix, testis, genitourinary tract, esophagus, larynx, skin, bone or thyroid, sarcoma, glioblastomas, neuroblastomas, multiple myeloma or gastrointestinal cancer, especially colon carcinoma or colorectal adenoma or a tumor of the neck and head, an epidermal hyperproliferation, psoriasis, prostate hyperplasia, a neoplasia, a neoplasia of epithelial character, adenoma, adenocarcinoma, keratoacanthoma, epidermoid carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, non-small-cell lung carcinoma, lymphomas, (including, for example, non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin’s lymphoma (also termed Hodgkin’s or Hodgkin’s disease)), a mammary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, seminoma, melanoma, or a leukemia, diseases include Cowden syndrome, Lhermitte-Dudos disease and Bannayan-Zonana syndrome, or diseases in which the PI3K/PKB pathway is aberrantly activated, asthma of whatever type or genesis including both intrinsic (non-allergic) asthma and extrinsic (allergic) asthma, mild asthma, moderate asthma, severe asthma, bronchitic asthma, exercise-induced asthma, occupational asthma and asthma induced following bacterial infection, acute lung injury (ALI), adult/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), chronic obstructive pulmonary, airways or lung disease (COPD, COAD or COLD), including chronic bronchitis or dyspnea associated therewith, emphysema, as well as exacerbation of airways hyperreactivity consequent to other drug therapy, in particular other inhaled drug therapy, bronchitis of whatever type or genesis including, but not limited to, acute, arachidic, catarrhal, croupus, chronic or phthinoid bronchitis, pneumoconiosis (an inflammatory, commonly occupational, disease of the lungs, frequently accompanied by airways obstruction, whether chronic or acute, and occasioned by repeated inhalation of dusts) of whatever type or genesis, including, for example, aluminosis, anthracosis, asbestosis, chalicosis, ptilosis, siderosis, silicosis, tabacosis and byssinosis, Loffler’s syndrome, eosinophilic, pneumonia, parasitic (in particular metazoan) infestation (including tropical eosinophilia), bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, polyarteritis nodosa (including Churg-Strauss syndrome), eosinophilic granuloma and eosinophil-related disorders affecting the airways occasioned by drug-reaction, psoriasis, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, alopecia areata, erythema multiforma, dermatitis herpetiformis, scleroderma, vitiligo, hypersensitivity angiitis, urticaria, bullous pemphigoid, lupus erythematosus, pemphisus, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, conjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and vernal conjunctivitis, diseases affecting the nose including allergic rhinitis, and inflammatory disease in which autoimmune reactions are implicated or having an autoimmune component or etiology, including autoimmune hematological disorders (e.g. hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia, pure red cell anemia and idiopathic thrombocytopenia), systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, polychondritis, sclerodoma, Wegener granulamatosis, dermatomyositis, chronic active hepatitis, myasthenia gravis, Steven-Johnson syndrome, idiopathic sprue, autoimmune inflammatory bowel disease (e.g. ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease), endocrine opthalmopathy, Grave’s disease, sarcoidosis, alveolitis, chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis, multiple sclerosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, uveitis (anterior and posterior), keratoconjunctivitis sicca and vernal keratoconjunctivitis, interstitial lung fibrosis, psoriatic arthritis and glomerulonephritis (with and without nephrotic syndrome, e.g. including idiopathic nephrotic syndrome or minal change nephropathy, restenosis, cardiomegaly, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke and congestive heart failure, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, and cerebral ischemia, and neurodegenerative disease caused by traumatic injury, glutamate neurotoxicity and hypoxia.

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is a phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor. In some embodiments, a PI3K inhibitor is selected from idelalisib (Zydelig®, Gilead), alpelisib (BYL719, Novartis), taselisib (GDC-0032, Genentech/Roche); pictilisib (GDC-0941, Genentech/Roche); copanlisib (BAY806946, Bayer); duvelisib (formerly IPI-145, Infinity Pharmaceuticals); PQR309 (Piqur Therapeutics, Switzerland); and TGR1202 (formerly RP5230, TG Therapeutics).

The compounds and compositions, according to the method of the present invention, may be administered using any amount and any route of administration effective for treating or lessening the severity of a cancer, an autoimmune disorder, a proliferative disorder, an inflammatory disorder, a neurodegenerative or neurological disorder, schizophrenia, a bone-related disorder, liver disease, or a cardiac disorder. The exact amount required will vary from subject to subject, depending on the species, age, and general condition of the subject, the severity of the infection, the particular agent, its mode of administration, and the like. Compounds of the invention are preferably formulated in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. The expression “dosage unit form” as used herein refers to a physically discrete unit of agent appropriate for the patient to be treated. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compounds and compositions of the present invention will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment. The specific effective dose level for any particular patient or organism will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; the activity of the specific compound employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific compound employed, and like factors well known in the medical arts. The term “patient”, as used herein, means an animal, preferably a mammal, and most preferably a human.

Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention can be administered to humans and other animals orally, rectally, parenterally, intracisternally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, topically (as by powders, ointments, or drops), bucally, as an oral or nasal spray, or the like, depending on the severity of the infection being treated. In certain embodiments, the compounds of the invention may be administered orally or parenterally at dosage levels of about 0.01 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg and preferably from about 1 mg/kg to about 25 mg/kg, of subject body weight per day, one or more times a day, to obtain the desired therapeutic effect.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include, but are not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active compounds, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.

Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution, suspension or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer’s solution, U.S.P. and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of inj ectables.

Injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.

In order to prolong the effect of a compound of the present invention, it is often desirable to slow the absorption of the compound from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the compound then depends upon its rate of dissolution that, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered compound form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the compound in an oil vehicle. Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the compound in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending upon the ratio of compound to polymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of compound release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the compound in liposomes or microemulsions that are compatible with body tissues.

Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are preferably suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the compounds of this invention with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.

Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the active compound is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar--agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, h) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay, and i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage form may also comprise buffering agents.

Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polethylene glycols and the like.

The active compounds can also be in micro-encapsulated form with one or more excipients as noted above. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings, release controlling coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. In such solid dosage forms the active compound may be admixed with at least one inert diluent such as sucrose, lactose or starch. Such dosage forms may also comprise, as is normal practice, additional substances other than inert diluents, e.g., tableting lubricants and other tableting aids such a magnesium stearate and microcrystalline cellulose. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage forms may also comprise buffering agents. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.

Dosage forms for topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this invention include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants or patches. The active component is admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any needed preservatives or buffers as may be required. Ophthalmic formulation, ear drops, and eye drops are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention. Additionally, the present invention contemplates the use of transdermal patches, which have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound to the body. Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispensing the compound in the proper medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or by dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel.

According to one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of inhibiting protein kinase activity or degading a protein kinase in a biological sample comprising the step of contacting said biological sample with a compound of this invention, or a composition comprising said compound.

According to another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of inhibiting or degrading IRAK-1, IRAK-2, and/or IRAK-4, or a mutant thereof, activity in a biological sample comprising the step of contacting said biological sample with a compound of this invention, or a composition comprising said compound.

The term “biological sample”, as used herein, includes, without limitation, cell cultures or extracts thereof; biopsied material obtained from a mammal or extracts thereof; and blood, saliva, urine, feces, semen, tears, or other body fluids or extracts thereof.

Inhibition and/or degradation of a protein kinase, or a protein kinase selected from IRAK-1, IRAK-2, and/or IRAK-4, or a mutant thereof, activity in a biological sample is useful for a variety of purposes that are known to one of skill in the art. Examples of such purposes include, but are not limited to, blood transfusion, organ-transplantation, biological specimen storage, and biological assays.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method of degrading a protein kinase and/or inhibiting protein kinase activity in a patient comprising the step of administering to said patient a compound of the present invention, or a composition comprising said compound.

According to another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of degrading and/or inhibiting one or more of IRAK-1, IRAK-2, and/or IRAK-4, or a mutant thereof, activity in a patient comprising the step of administering to said patient a compound of the present invention, or a composition comprising said compound. In other embodiments, the present invention provides a method for treating a disorder mediated by one or more of IRAK-1, IRAK-2, and/or IRAK-4, or a mutant thereof, in a patient in need thereof, comprising the step of administering to said patient a compound according to the present invention or pharmaceutically acceptable composition thereof. Such disorders are described in detail herein.

Depending upon the particular condition, or disease, to be treated, additional therapeutic agents that are normally administered to treat that condition, may also be present in the compositions of this invention. As used herein, additional therapeutic agents that are normally administered to treat a particular disease, or condition, are known as “appropriate for the disease, or condition, being treated.”

A compound of the current invention may also be used to advantage in combination with other antiproliferative compounds. Such antiproliferative compounds include, but are not limited to aromatase inhibitors; antiestrogens; topoisomerase I inhibitors; topoisomerase II inhibitors; microtubule active compounds; alkylating compounds; histone deacetylase inhibitors; compounds which induce cell differentiation processes; cyclooxygenase inhibitors; MMP inhibitors; mTOR inhibitors; antineoplastic antimetabolites; platin compounds; compounds targeting/decreasing a protein or lipid kinase activity and further anti-angiogenic compounds; compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of a protein or lipid phosphatase; gonadorelin agonists; anti-androgens; methionine aminopeptidase inhibitors; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors; bisphosphonates; biological response modifiers; antiproliferative antibodies; heparanase inhibitors; inhibitors of Ras oncogenic isoforms; telomerase inhibitors; proteasome inhibitors; compounds used in the treatment of hematologic malignancies; compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of Flt-3; Hsp90 inhibitors such as 17-AAG (17-allylaminogeldanamycin, NSC330507), 17-DMAG (17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxy-geldanamycin, NSC707545), IPI-504, CNF 1010, CNF2024, CNF 1010 from Conforma Therapeutics; temozolomide (Temodal°); kinesin spindle protein inhibitors, such as SB715992 or SB743921 from GlaxoSmithKline, or pentamidine/chlorpromazine from CombinatoRx; MEK inhibitors such as ARRY142886 from Array BioPharma, AZD6244 from AstraZeneca, PD181461 from Pfizer and leucovorin.

The term “aromatase inhibitor” as used herein relates to a compound which inhibits estrogen production, for instance, the conversion of the substrates androstenedione and testosterone to estrone and estradiol, respectively. The term includes, but is not limited to steroids, especially atamestane, exemestane and formestane and, in particular, non-steroids, especially aminoglutethimide, roglethimide, pyridoglutethimide, trilostane, testolactone, ketokonazole, vorozole, fadrozole, anastrozole and letrozole. Exemestane is marketed under the trade name Aromasin™. Formestane is marketed under the trade name Lentaron™. Fadrozole is marketed under the trade name Afema™. Anastrozole is marketed under the trade name Arimidex™. Letrozole is marketed under the trade names Femara™ or Femar™. Aminoglutethimide is marketed under the trade name Orimeten™. A combination of the invention comprising a chemotherapeutic agent which is an aromatase inhibitor is particularly useful for the treatment of hormone receptor positive tumors, such as breast tumors.

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is an mTOR inhibitor, which inhibits cell proliferation, angiogenesis and glucose uptake. In some embodiments, an mTOR inhibitor is everolimus (Afinitor®, Novartis); temsirolimus (Torisel®, Pfizer); and sirolimus (Rapamune®, Pfizer).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is an aromatase inhibitor. In some embodiments, an aromatase inhibitor is selected from exemestane (Aromasin®, Pfizer); anastazole (Arimidex®, AstraZeneca) and letrozole (Femara®, Novartis).

The term “antiestrogen” as used herein relates to a compound which antagonizes the effect of estrogens at the estrogen receptor level. The term includes, but is not limited to tamoxifen, fulvestrant, raloxifene and raloxifene hydrochloride. Tamoxifen is marketed under the trade name Nolvadex™. Raloxifene hydrochloride is marketed under the trade name Evista™. Fulvestrant can be administered under the trade name Faslodex™. A combination of the invention comprising a chemotherapeutic agent which is an antiestrogen is particularly useful for the treatment of estrogen receptor positive tumors, such as breast tumors.

The term “anti-androgen” as used herein relates to any substance which is capable of inhibiting the biological effects of androgenic hormones and includes, but is not limited to, bicalutamide (Casodex™). The term “gonadorelin agonist” as used herein includes, but is not limited to abarelix, goserelin and goserelin acetate. Goserelin can be administered under the trade name Zoladex™.

The term “topoisomerase I inhibitor” as used herein includes, but is not limited to topotecan, gimatecan, irinotecan, camptothecian and its analogues, 9-nitrocamptothecin and the macromolecular camptothecin conjugate PNU-166148. Irinotecan can be administered, e.g. in the form as it is marketed, e.g. under the trademark Camptosar™. Topotecan is marketed under the trade name Hycamptin™.

The term “topoisomerase II inhibitor” as used herein includes, but is not limited to the anthracyclines such as doxorubicin (including liposomal formulation, such as Caelyx™), daunorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin and nemorubicin, the anthraquinones mitoxantrone and losoxantrone, and the podophillotoxines etoposide and teniposide. Etoposide is marketed under the trade name Etopophos™. Teniposide is marketed under the trade name VM 26-Bristol Doxorubicin is marketed under the trade name Acriblastin™ or Adriamycin™. Epirubicin is marketed under the trade name Farmorubicin™. Idarubicin is marketed, under the trade name Zavedos™. Mitoxantrone is marketed under the trade name Novantron.

The term “microtubule active agent” relates to microtubule stabilizing, microtubule destabilizing compounds and microtublin polymerization inhibitors including, but not limited to taxanes, such as paclitaxel and docetaxel; vinca alkaloids, such as vinblastine or vinblastine sulfate, vincristine or vincristine sulfate, and vinorelbine; discodermolides; cochicine and epothilones and derivatives thereof. Paclitaxel is marketed under the trade name Taxol™. Docetaxel is marketed under the trade name Taxotere™. Vinblastine sulfate is marketed under the trade name Vinblastin R.P™. Vincristine sulfate is marketed under the trade name Farmistin™.

The term “alkylating agent” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, melphalan or nitrosourea (BCNU or Gliadel). Cyclophosphamide is marketed under the trade name Cyclostin™. Ifosfamide is marketed under the trade name Holoxan™.

The term “histone deacetylase inhibitors” or “HDAC inhibitors” relates to compounds which inhibit the histone deacetylase and which possess antiproliferative activity. This includes, but is not limited to, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA).

The term “antineoplastic antimetabolite” includes, but is not limited to, 5-fluorouracil or 5-FU, capecitabine, gemcitabine, DNA demethylating compounds, such as 5-azacytidine and decitabine, methotrexate and edatrexate, and folic acid antagonists such as pemetrexed. Capecitabine is marketed under the trade name Xeloda™. Gemcitabine is marketed under the trade name Gemzar™.

The term “platin compound” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, carboplatin, cis-platin, cisplatinum and oxaliplatin. Carboplatin can be administered, e.g., in the form as it is marketed, e.g. under the trademark Carboplat™. Oxaliplatin can be administered, e.g., in the form as it is marketed, e.g. under the trademark Eloxatin™.

The term “Bcl-2 inhibitor” as used herein includes, but is not limited to compounds having inhibitory activity against B-cell lymphoma 2 protein (Bcl-2), including but not limited to ABT-199, ABT-731, ABT-737, apogossypol, Ascenta’s pan-Bcl-2 inhibitors, curcumin (and analogs thereof), dual Bcl-2/Bcl-xL inhibitors (Infinity Pharmaceuticals/Novartis Pharmaceuticals), Genasense (G3139), HA14-1 (and analogs thereof; see WO 2008/118802, US 2010/0197686), navitoclax (and analogs thereof, see US 7,390,799), NH-1 (Shenayng Pharmaceutical University), obatoclax (and analogs thereof, see WO 2004/106328, US 2005/0014802), S-001 (Gloria Pharmaceuticals), TW series compounds (Univ. of Michigan), and venetoclax. In some embodiments the Bcl-2 inhibitor is a small molecule therapeutic. In some embodiments the Bcl-2 inhibitor is a peptidomimetic.

The term “compounds targeting/decreasing a protein or lipid kinase activity; or a protein or lipid phosphatase activity; or further anti-angiogenic compounds” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, protein tyrosine kinase and/or serine and/or threonine kinase inhibitors or lipid kinase inhibitors, such as a) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the platelet-derived growth factor-receptors (PDGFR), such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of PDGFR, especially compounds which inhibit the PDGF receptor, such as an N-phenyl-2-pyrimidine-amine derivative, such as imatinib, SU101, SU6668 and GFB-111; b) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the fibroblast growth factor-receptors (FGFR); c) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the insulin-like growth factor receptor I (IGF-IR), such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of IGF-IR, especially compounds which inhibit the kinase activity of IGF-I receptor, or antibodies that target the extracellular domain of IGF-I receptor or its growth factors; d) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the Trk receptor tyrosine kinase family, or ephrin B4 inhibitors; e) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the AxI receptor tyrosine kinase family; f) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the Ret receptor tyrosine kinase; g) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the Kit/SCFR receptor tyrosine kinase, such as imatinib; h) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the C-kit receptor tyrosine kinases, which are part of the PDGFR family, such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of the c-Kit receptor tyrosine kinase family, especially compounds which inhibit the c-Kit receptor, such as imatinib; i) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of members of the c-Abl family, their gene-fusion products (e.g. BCR-Abl kinase) and mutants, such as compounds which target decrease or inhibit the activity of c-Abl family members and their gene fusion products, such as an N-phenyl-2-pyrimidine-amine derivative, such as imatinib or nilotinib (AMN107); PD 180970; AG957; NSC 680410; PD173955 from ParkeDavis; or dasatinib (BMS-354825); j) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of members of the protein kinase C (PKC) and Raf family of serine/threonine kinases, members of the MEK, SRC, JAK/pan-JAK, FAK, PDK1, PKB/Akt, Ras/MAPK, PI3K, SYK, TYK2, BTK and TEC family, and/or members of the cyclin-dependent kinase family (CDK) including staurosporine derivatives, such as midostaurin; examples of further compounds include UCN-01, safingol, BAY 43-9006, Bryostatin 1, Perifosine; llmofosine; RO 318220 and RO 320432; GO 6976; lsis 3521; LY333531/LY379196; isochinoline compounds; FTIs; PD184352 or QAN697 (a P13K inhibitor) or AT7519 (CDK inhibitor); k) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitors include imatinib mesylate (Gleevec™) or tyrphostin such as Tyrphostin A23/RG-50810; AG 99; Tyrphostin AG 213; Tyrphostin AG 1748; Tyrphostin AG 490; Tyrphostin B44; Tyrphostin B44 (+) enantiomer; Tyrphostin AG 555; AG 494; Tyrphostin AG 556, AG957 and adaphostin (4-{[(2,5- dihydroxyphenyl)methyl]amino}-benzoic acid adamantyl ester; NSC 680410, adaphostin); 1) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the epidermal growth factor family of receptor tyrosine kinases (EGFR₁ ErbB2, ErbB3, ErbB4 as homo- or heterodimers) and their mutants, such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor family are especially compounds, proteins or antibodies which inhibit members of the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase family, such as EGF receptor, ErbB2, ErbB3 and ErbB4 or bind to EGF or EGF related ligands, CP 358774, ZD 1839, ZM 105180; trastuzumab (Herceptin™), cetuximab (Erbitux™), Iressa, Tarceva, OSI-774, Cl-1033, EKB-569, GW-2016, E1.1, E2.4, E2.5, E6.2, E6.4, E2.11, E6.3 or E7.6.3, and 7H-pyrrolo-[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives; m) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the c-Met receptor, such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of c-Met, especially compounds which inhibit the kinase activity of c-Met receptor, or antibodies that target the extracellular domain of c-Met or bind to HGF, n) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the kinase activity of one or more JAK family members (JAK1/JAK2/JAK3/TYK2 and/or pan-JAK), including but not limited to PRT-062070, SB-1578, baricitinib, pacritinib, momelotinib, VX-509, AZD-1480, TG-101348, tofacitinib, and ruxolitinib; o) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the kinase activity of PI3 kinase (PI3K) including but not limited to ATU-027, SF-1126, DS-7423, PBI-05204, GSK-2126458, ZSTK-474, buparlisib, pictrelisib, PF-4691502, BYL-719, dactolisib, XL-147, XL-765, and idelalisib; and; and q) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the signaling effects of hedgehog protein (Hh) or smoothened receptor (SMO) pathways, including but not limited to cyclopamine, vismodegib, itraconazole, erismodegib, and IPI-926 (saridegib).

Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of a protein or lipid phosphatase are e.g. inhibitors of phosphatase 1, phosphatase 2A, or CDC25, such as okadaic acid or a derivative thereof.

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is a growth factor antagonist, such as an antagonist of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), or epidermal growth factor (EGF) or its receptor (EGFR). Approved PDGF antagonists which may be used in the present invention include olaratumab (Lartruvo®; Eli Lilly). Approved EGFR antagonists which may be used in the present invention include cetuximab (Erbitux®, Eli Lilly); necitumumab (Portrazza®, Eli Lilly), panitumumab (Vectibix®, Amgen); and osimertinib (targeting activated EGFR, Tagrisso®, AstraZeneca).

The term “PI3K inhibitor” as used herein includes, but is not limited to compounds having inhibitory activity against one or more enzymes in the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase family, including, but not limited to PI3Kα, PI3Kγ, PI3Kδ, PI3Kβ, PI3K-C2α, PI3K-C2β, PI3K-C2y, Vps34, p110-α, p110-β, p110-γ, p110-δ, p85-α, p85-β, p55-γ, p150, p101, and p87. Examples of PI3K inhibitors useful in this invention include but are not limited to ATU-027, SF-1126, DS-7423, PBI-05204, GSK-2126458, ZSTK-474, buparlisib, pictrelisib, PF-4691502, BYL-719, dactolisib, XL-147, XL-765, and idelalisib.

The term “BTK inhibitor” as used herein includes, but is not limited to compounds having inhibitory activity against Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase (BTK), including, but not limited to AVL-292 and ibrutinib.

The term “SYK inhibitor” as used herein includes, but is not limited to compounds having inhibitory activity against spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), including but not limited to PRT-062070, R-343, R-333, Excellair, PRT-062607, and fostamatinib

Further examples of BTK inhibitory compounds, and conditions treatable by such compounds in combination with compounds of this invention can be found in WO 2008/039218, US 2008/0108636 and WO 2011/090760, US 2010/0249092, the entirety of each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

Further examples of SYK inhibitory compounds, and conditions treatable by such compounds in combination with compounds of this invention can be found in WO 2003/063794, US 2004/0029902, WO 2005/007623, US 2005/0075306, and WO 2006/078846, US 2006/0211657, the entirety of each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

Further examples of PI3K inhibitory compounds, and conditions treatable by such compounds in combination with compounds of this invention can be found in WO 2004/019973, US 2004/0106569, WO 2004/089925, US 2004/0242631, US 8,138,347, WO 2002/088112, US 2004/0116421, WO 2007/084786, US 2010/0249126, WO 2007/129161, US 2008/0076768, WO 2006/122806, US 2008/0194579, WO 2005/113554, US 2008/0275067, and WO 2007/044729, US 2010/0087440, the entirety of each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

Further examples of JAK inhibitory compounds, and conditions treatable by such compounds in combination with compounds of this invention can be found in WO 2009/114512, US 2009/0233903, WO 2008/109943, US 2010/0197671, WO 2007/053452, US 2007/0191405, WO 2001/0142246, US 2001/0053782, and WO 2007/070514, US 2007/0135461, the entirety of each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

Further anti-angiogenic compounds include compounds having another mechanism for their activity, e.g. unrelated to protein or lipid kinase inhibition e.g. thalidomide (Thalomid™) and TNP-470.

Examples of proteasome inhibitors useful for use in combination with compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to bortezomib, disulfiram, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), salinosporamide A, carfilzomib, ONX-0912, CEP-18770, and MLN9708.

Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of a protein or lipid phosphatase are e.g. inhibitors of phosphatase 1, phosphatase 2A, or CDC25, such as okadaic acid or a derivative thereof.

Compounds which induce cell differentiation processes include, but are not limited to, retinoic acid, α- γ- or δ- tocopherol or α- γ- or δ-tocotrienol.

The term cyclooxygenase inhibitor as used herein includes, but is not limited to, Cox-2 inhibitors, 5-alkyl substituted 2-arylaminophenylacetic acid and derivatives, such as celecoxib (Celebrex™), rofecoxib (Vioxx™), etoricoxib, valdecoxib or a 5-alkyl-2- arylaminophenylacetic acid, such as 5-methyl-2-(2′-chloro-6′-fluoroanilino)phenyl acetic acid, lumiracoxib.

The term “bisphosphonates” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, etridonic, clodronic, tiludronic, pamidronic, alendronic, ibandronic, risedronic and zoledronic acid. Etridonic acid is marketed under the trade name Didronel™. Clodronic acid is marketed under the trade name Bonefos™. Tiludronic acid is marketed under the trade name Skelid™. Pamidronic acid is marketed under the trade name Aredia™. Alendronic acid is marketed under the trade name Fosamax™. Ibandronic acid is marketed under the trade name Bondranat™. Risedronic acid is marketed under the trade name Actonel™. Zoledronic acid is marketed under the trade name Zometa™. The term “mTOR inhibitors” relates to compounds which inhibit the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and which possess antiproliferative activity such as sirolimus (Rapamune®), everolimus (Certican™), CCI-779 and ABT578.

The term “heparanase inhibitor” as used herein refers to compounds which target, decrease or inhibit heparin sulfate degradation. The term includes, but is not limited to, PI-88. The term “biological response modifier” as used herein refers to a lymphokine or interferons.

The term “inhibitor of Ras oncogenic isoforms”, such as H-Ras, K-Ras, or N-Ras, as used herein refers to compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the oncogenic activity of Ras; for example, a “farnesyl transferase inhibitor” such as L-744832, DK8G557 or R115777 (Zarnestra™). The term “telomerase inhibitor” as used herein refers to compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of telomerase. Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of telomerase are especially compounds which inhibit the telomerase receptor, such as telomestatin.

The term “methionine aminopeptidase inhibitor” as used herein refers to compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of methionine aminopeptidase. Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of methionine aminopeptidase include, but are not limited to, bengamide or a derivative thereof.

The term “proteasome inhibitor” as used herein refers to compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of the proteasome. Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of the proteasome include, but are not limited to, Bortezomib (Velcade™), ); carfilzomib (Kyprolis®, Amgen); and ixazomib (Ninlaro®, Takeda), and MLN 341.

The term “matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor” or (“MMP” inhibitor) as used herein includes, but is not limited to, collagen peptidomimetic and nonpeptidomimetic inhibitors, tetracycline derivatives, e.g. hydroxamate peptidomimetic inhibitor batimastat and its orally bioavailable analogue marimastat (BB-2516), prinomastat (AG3340), metastat (NSC 683551) BMS-279251, BAY 12-9566, TAA211, MMI270B or AAJ996.

The term “compounds used in the treatment of hematologic malignancies” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, FMS-like tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which are compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of FMS-like tyrosine kinase receptors (Flt-3R); interferon, 1-β-D-arabinofuransylcytosine (ara-c) and bisulfan; and ALK inhibitors, which are compounds which target, decrease or inhibit anaplastic lymphoma kinase.

Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of FMS-like tyrosine kinase receptors (Flt-3R) are especially compounds, proteins or antibodies which inhibit members of the Flt-3R receptor kinase family, such as PKC412, midostaurin, a staurosporine derivative, SU11248 and MLN518.

The term “HSP90 inhibitors” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the intrinsic ATPase activity of HSP90; degrading, targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the HSP90 client proteins via the ubiquitin proteosome pathway. Compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the intrinsic ATPase activity of HSP90 are especially compounds, proteins or antibodies which inhibit the ATPase activity of HSP90, such as 17-allylamino,17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17AAG), a geldanamycin derivative; other geldanamycin related compounds; radicicol and HDAC inhibitors.

The term “antiproliferative antibodies” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, trastuzumab (Herceptin™), Trastuzumab-DM1, erbitux, bevacizumab (Avastin™), rituximab (Rituxan®), PRO64553 (anti-CD40) and 2C4 Antibody. By antibodies is meant intact monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies formed from at least 2 intact antibodies, and antibodies fragments so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity.

For the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), compounds of the current invention can be used in combination with standard leukemia therapies, especially in combination with therapies used for the treatment of AML. In particular, compounds of the current invention can be administered in combination with, for example, farnesyl transferase inhibitors and/or other drugs useful for the treatment of AML, such as Daunorubicin, Adriamycin, Ara-C, VP-16, Teniposide, Mitoxantrone, Idarubicin, Carboplatinum and PKC412.

Other anti-leukemic compounds include, for example, Ara-C, a pyrimidine analog, which is the 2′-alpha-hydroxy ribose (arabinoside) derivative of deoxycytidine. Also included is the purine analog of hypoxanthine, 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and fludarabine phosphate. Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit activity of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors such as sodium butyrate and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) inhibit the activity of the enzymes known as histone deacetylases. Specific HDAC inhibitors include MS275, SAHA, FK228 (formerly FR901228), Trichostatin A and compounds disclosed in US 6,552,065 including, but not limited to, N-hydroxy-3-[4-[[[2-(2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-ethyl]- amino]methyl]phenyl]-2E-2-propenamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and N-hydroxy-3-[4-[(2-hydroxyethyl){2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-amino]methyl]phenyl]-2E-2- propenamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, especially the lactate salt. Somatostatin receptor antagonists as used herein refer to compounds which target, treat or inhibit the somatostatin receptor such as octreotide, and SOM230. Tumor cell damaging approaches refer to approaches such as ionizing radiation. The term “ionizing radiation” referred to above and hereinafter means ionizing radiation that occurs as either electromagnetic rays (such as X-rays and gamma rays) or particles (such as alpha and beta particles). Ionizing radiation is provided in, but not limited to, radiation therapy and is known in the art. See Hellman, Principles of Radiation Therapy, Cancer, in Principles and Practice of Oncology, Devita et al., Eds., 4^(th) Edition, Vol. 1, pp. 248-275 (1993).

Also included are EDG binders and ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors. The term “EDG binders” as used herein refers to a class of immunosuppressants that modulates lymphocyte recirculation, such as FTY720. The term “ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors” refers to pyrimidine or purine nucleoside analogs including, but not limited to, fludarabine and/or cytosine arabinoside (ara-C), 6-thioguanine, 5-fluorouracil, cladribine, 6-mercaptopurine (especially in combination with ara-C against ALL) and/or pentostatin. Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors are especially hydroxyurea or 2-hydroxy-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione derivatives.

Also included are in particular those compounds, proteins or monoclonal antibodies of VEGF such as 1-(4-chloroanilino)-4-(4-pyridylmethyl)phthalazine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, 1-(4-chloroanilino)-4-(4-pyridylmethyl)phthalazine succinate; Angiostatin™; Endostatin™; anthranilic acid amides; ZD4190; ZD6474; SU5416; SU6668; bevacizumab; or anti-VEGF antibodies or anti-VEGF receptor antibodies, such as rhuMAb and RHUFab, VEGF aptamer such as Macugon; FLT-4 inhibitors, FLT-3 inhibitors, VEGFR-2 IgGI antibody, Angiozyme (RPI 4610) and Bevacizumab (Avastin™).

Photodynamic therapy as used herein refers to therapy which uses certain chemicals known as photosensitizing compounds to treat or prevent cancers. Examples of photodynamic therapy include treatment with compounds, such as Visudyne™ and porfimer sodium.

Angiostatic steroids as used herein refers to compounds which block or inhibit angiogenesis, such as, e.g., anecortave, triamcinolone, hydrocortisone, 11-α-epihydrocotisol, cortexolone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, corticosterone, desoxycorticosterone, testosterone, estrone and dexamethasone.

Implants containing corticosteroids refers to compounds, such as fluocinolone and dexamethasone.

Other chemotherapeutic compounds include, but are not limited to, plant alkaloids, hormonal compounds and antagonists; biological response modifiers, preferably lymphokines or interferons; antisense oligonucleotides or oligonucleotide derivatives; shRNA or siRNA; or miscellaneous compounds or compounds with other or unknown mechanism of action.

The compounds of the invention are also useful as co-therapeutic compounds for use in combination with other drug substances such as anti-inflammatory, bronchodilatory or antihistamine drug substances, particularly in the treatment of obstructive or inflammatory airways diseases such as those mentioned hereinbefore, for example as potentiators of therapeutic activity of such drugs or as a means of reducing required dosaging or potential side effects of such drugs. A compound of the invention may be mixed with the other drug substance in a fixed pharmaceutical composition or it may be administered separately, before, simultaneously with or after the other drug substance. Accordingly the invention includes a combination of a compound of the invention as hereinbefore described with an anti-inflammatory, bronchodilatory, antihistamine or anti-tussive drug substance, said compound of the invention and said drug substance being in the same or different pharmaceutical composition.

Suitable anti-inflammatory drugs include steroids, in particular glucocorticosteroids such as budesonide, beclamethasone dipropionate, fluticasone propionate, ciclesonide or mometasone furoate; non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor agonists; LTB4 antagonists such LY293111, CGS025019C, CP-195543, SC-53228, BIIL 284, ONO 4057, SB 209247; LTD4 antagonists such as montelukast and zafirlukast; PDE4 inhibitors such cilomilast (Ariflo® GlaxoSmithKline), Roflumilast (Byk Gulden),V-11294A (Napp), BAY19-8004 (Bayer), SCH-351591 (Schering- Plough), Arofylline (Almirall Prodesfarma), PD189659 / PD168787 (ParkeDavis), AWD-12- 281 (Asta Medica), CDC-801 (Celgene), SeICID(TM) CC-10004 (Celgene), VM554/UM565 (Vernalis), T-440 (Tanabe), KW-4490 (Kyowa Hakko Kogyo); A2a agonists; A2b antagonists; and beta-2 adrenoceptor agonists such as albuterol (salbutamol), metaproterenol, terbutaline, salmeterol fenoterol, procaterol, and especially, formoterol and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Suitable bronchodilatory drugs include anticholinergic or antimuscarinic compounds, in particular ipratropium bromide, oxitropium bromide, tiotropium salts and CHF 4226 (Chiesi), and glycopyrrolate.

Suitable antihistamine drug substances include cetirizine hydrochloride, acetaminophen, clemastine fumarate, promethazine, loratidine, desloratidine, diphenhydramine and fexofenadine hydrochloride, activastine, astemizole, azelastine, ebastine, epinastine, mizolastine and tefenadine.

Other useful combinations of compounds of the invention with anti-inflammatory drugs are those with antagonists of chemokine receptors, e.g. CCR-1, CCR-2, CCR-3, CCR-4, CCR-5, CCR-6, CCR-7, CCR-8, CCR-9 and CCR10, CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR5, particularly CCR-5 antagonists such as Schering-Plough antagonists SC-351125, SCH-55700 and SCH-D, and Takeda antagonists such as N-[[4-[[[6,7-dihydro-2-(4-methylphenyl)-5H-benzo-cyclohepten-8-yl]carbonyl]amino]phenyl]-methyl]tetrahydro-N,N-dimethyl-2H-pyran-4-aminium chloride (TAK-770).

The structure of the active compounds identified by code numbers, generic or trade names may be taken from the actual edition of the standard compendium “The Merck Index” or from databases, e.g. Patents International (e.g. IMS World Publications).

A compound of the current invention may also be used in combination with known therapeutic processes, for example, the administration of hormones or radiation. In certain embodiments, a provided compound is used as a radiosensitizer, especially for the treatment of tumors which exhibit poor sensitivity to radiotherapy.

A compound of the current invention can be administered alone or in combination with one or more other therapeutic compounds, possible combination therapy taking the form of fixed combinations or the administration of a compound of the invention and one or more other therapeutic compounds being staggered or given independently of one another, or the combined administration of fixed combinations and one or more other therapeutic compounds. A compound of the current invention can besides or in addition be administered especially for tumor therapy in combination with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, phototherapy, surgical intervention, or a combination of these. Long-term therapy is equally possible as is adjuvant therapy in the context of other treatment strategies, as described above. Other possible treatments are therapy to maintain the patient’s status after tumor regression, or even chemopreventive therapy, for example in patients at risk.

Those additional agents may be administered separately from an inventive compound-containing composition, as part of a multiple dosage regimen. Alternatively, those agents may be part of a single dosage form, mixed together with a compound of this invention in a single composition. If administered as part of a multiple dosage regime, the two active agents may be submitted simultaneously, sequentially or within a period of time from one another normally within five hours from one another.

As used herein, the term “combination,” “combined,” and related terms refers to the simultaneous or sequential administration of therapeutic agents in accordance with this invention. For example, a compound of the present invention may be administered with another therapeutic agent simultaneously or sequentially in separate unit dosage forms or together in a single unit dosage form. Accordingly, the present invention provides a single unit dosage form comprising a compound of the current invention, an additional therapeutic agent, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle.

The amount of both an inventive compound and additional therapeutic agent (in those compositions which comprise an additional therapeutic agent as described above) that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration. Preferably, compositions of this invention should be formulated so that a dosage of between 0.01 - 100 mg/kg body weight/day of an inventive compound can be administered.

In those compositions which comprise an additional therapeutic agent, that additional therapeutic agent and the compound of this invention may act synergistically. Therefore, the amount of additional therapeutic agent in such compositions will be less than that required in a monotherapy utilizing only that therapeutic agent. In such compositions a dosage of between 0.01 - 1,000 µg/kg body weight/day of the additional therapeutic agent can be administered.

The amount of one or more other therapeutic agent present in the compositions of this invention may be no more than the amount that would normally be administered in a composition comprising that therapeutic agent as the only active agent. Preferably the amount of one or more other therapeutic agent in the presently disclosed compositions will range from about 50% to 100% of the amount normally present in a composition comprising that agent as the only therapeutically active agent. In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is administered at a dosage of about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, or about 95% of the amount normally administered for that agent. As used herein, the phrase “normally administered” means the amount an FDA approved therapeutic agent is approvided for dosing per the FDA label insert.

The compounds of this invention, or pharmaceutical compositions thereof, may also be incorporated into compositions for coating an implantable medical device, such as prostheses, artificial valves, vascular grafts, stents and catheters. Vascular stents, for example, have been used to overcome restenosis (re-narrowing of the vessel wall after injury). However, patients using stents or other implantable devices risk clot formation or platelet activation. These unwanted effects may be prevented or mitigated by pre-coating the device with a pharmaceutically acceptable composition comprising a kinase inhibitor. Implantable devices coated with a compound of this invention are another embodiment of the present invention.

Exemplary Immuno-Oncology Agents

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is an immuno-oncology agent. As used herein, the term “an immuno-oncology agent” refers to an agent which is effective to enhance, stimulate, and/or up-regulate immune responses in a subject. In some embodiments, the administration of an immuno-oncology agent with a compound of the invention has a synergic effect in treating a cancer.

An immuno-oncology agent can be, for example, a small molecule drug, an antibody, or a biologic or small molecule. Examples of biologic immuno-oncology agents include, but are not limited to, cancer vaccines, antibodies, and cytokines. In some embodiments, an antibody is a monoclonal antibody. In some embodiments, a monoclonal antibody is humanized or human.

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is (i) an agonist of a stimulatory (including a co-stimulatory) receptor or (ii) an antagonist of an inhibitory (including a co-inhibitory) signal on T cells, both of which result in amplifying antigen-specific T cell responses.

Certain of the stimulatory and inhibitory molecules are members of the immunoglobulin super family (IgSF). One important family of membrane-bound ligands that bind to co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory receptors is the B7 family, which includes B7-1, B7-2, B7-H1 (PD-L1), B7-DC (PD-L2), B7-H2 (ICOS-L), B7-H3, B7-H4, B7-H5 (VISTA), and B7-H6. Another family of membrane bound ligands that bind to co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory receptors is the TNF family of molecules that bind to cognate TNF receptor family members, which includes CD40 and CD40L, OX-40, OX-40L, CD70, CD27L, CD30, CD30L, 4-1BBL, CD137 (4-1BB), TRAIL/Apo2-L, TRAILR1/DR4, TRAILR2/DR5, TRAILR3, TRAILR4, OPG, RANK, RANKL, TWEAKR/Fn14, TWEAK, BAFFR, EDAR, XEDAR, TACI, APRIL, BCMA, LTβR, LIGHT, DcR3, HVEM, VEGI/TL1A, TRAMP/DR3, EDAR, EDA1, XEDAR, EDA2, TNFR1, Lymphotoxin α/TNFβ, TNFR2, TNFα, LTβR, Lymphotoxin α1β2, FAS, FASL, RELT, DR6, TROY, NGFR.

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a cytokine that inhibits T cell activation (e.g., IL-6, IL-10, TGF-β, VEGF, and other immunosuppressive cytokines) or a cytokine that stimulates T cell activation, for stimulating an immune response.

In some embodiments, a combination of a compound of the invention and an immuno-oncology agent can stimulate T cell responses. In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is: (i) an antagonist of a protein that inhibits T cell activation (e.g., immune checkpoint inhibitors) such as CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, LAG-3, TIM-3, Galectin 9, CEACAM-1, BTLA, CD69, Galectin-1, TIGIT, CD113, GPR56, VISTA, 2B4, CD48, GARP, PD1H, LAIR1, TIM-1, and TIM-4; or (ii) an agonist of a protein that stimulates T cell activation such as B7-1, B7-2, CD28, 4-1BB (CD137), 4-1BBL, ICOS, ICOS-L, OX40, OX40L, GITR, GITRL, CD70, CD27, CD40, DR3 and CD28H.

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is an antagonist of inhibitory receptors on NK cells or an agonists of activating receptors on NK cells. In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is an antagonists of KIR, such as lirilumab.

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is an agent that inhibits or depletes macrophages or monocytes, including but not limited to CSF-1R antagonists such as CSF-1R antagonist antibodies including RG7155 (WO 2011/070024, US 2011/0165156, WO 2011/0107553, US 2012/0329997, WO 2011/131407, US 2013/0005949, WO 2013/087699, US 2014/0336363, WO 2013/119716, WO 2013/132044, US 2014/0079706) or FPA-008 (WO 2011/140249, US 2011/0274683; WO 2013/169264; WO 2014/036357, US 2014/0079699).

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is selected from agonistic agents that ligate positive costimulatory receptors, blocking agents that attenuate signaling through inhibitory receptors, antagonists, and one or more agents that increase systemically the frequency of anti-tumor T cells, agents that overcome distinct immune suppressive pathways within the tumor microenvironment (e.g., block inhibitory receptor engagement (e.g., PD-L1/PD-1 interactions), deplete or inhibit Tregs (e.g., using an anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody (e.g., daclizumab) or by ex vivo anti-CD25 bead depletion), inhibit metabolic enzymes such as IDO, or reverse/prevent T cell energy or exhaustion) and agents that trigger innate immune activation and/or inflammation at tumor sites.

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a CTLA-4 antagonist. In some embodiments, a CTLA-4 antagonist is an antagonistic CTLA-4 antibody. In some embodiments, an antagonistic CTLA-4 antibody is YERVOY (ipilimumab) or tremelimumab.

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a PD-1 antagonist. In some embodiments, a PD-1 antagonist is administered by infusion. In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is an antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) receptor and inhibits PD-1 activity. In some embodiments, a PD-1 antagonist is an antagonistic PD-1 antibody. In some embodiments, an antagonistic PD-1 antibody is OPDIVO (nivolumab), KEYTRUDA (pembrolizumab), or MEDI-0680 (AMP-514; WO2012/145493). In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent may be pidilizumab (CT-011). In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a recombinant protein composed of the extracellular domain of PD-L2 (B7-DC) fused to the Fc portion of IgG1, called AMP-224.

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a PD-L1 antagonist. In some embodiments, a PD-L1 antagonist is an antagonistic PD-L1 antibody. In some embodiments, a PD-L1 antibody is MPDL3280A (RG7446; WO 2010/077634, US 2010/0203056), durvalumab (MEDI4736), BMS-936559 (WO 2007/005874, US 2009/0055944), and MSB0010718C (WO 2013/079174, US 2014/0341917).

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a LAG-3 antagonist. In some embodiments, a LAG-3 antagonist is an antagonistic LAG-3 antibody. In some embodiments, a LAG3 antibody is BMS-986016 (WO 2010/019570, US 2010/0150892, WO 2014/008218, US 2014/0093511), or IMP-731 or IMP-321 (WO 2008/132601, US 2010/0233183, WO 2009/044273, US 2011/0008331).

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a CD137 (4-1BB) agonist. In some embodiments, a CD137 (4-1BB) agonist is an agonistic CD137 antibody. In some embodiments, a CD137 antibody is urelumab or PF-05082566 (WO12/32433).

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a GITR agonist. In some embodiments, a GITR agonist is an agonistic GITR antibody. In some embodiments, a GITR antibody is BMS-986153, BMS-986156, TRX-518 (WO 2006/105021, US 2007/0098719, WO 2009/009116, US 2009/0136494), or MK-4166 (WO 2011/028683, US 2012/0189639).

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is an indoleamine (2,3)-dioxygenase (IDO) antagonist. In some embodiments, an IDO antagonist is selected from epacadostat (INCB024360, Incyte); indoximod (NLG-8189, NewLink Genetics Corporation); capmanitib (INC280, Novartis); GDC-0919 (Genentech/Roche); PF-06840003 (Pfizer); BMS:F001287 (Bristol-Myers Squibb); Phy906/KD108 (Phytoceutica); an enzyme that breaks down kynurenine (Kynase, Kyn Therapeutics); and NLG-919 (WO 2009/073620, US 2011/0053941, WO 2009/132238, US 2011/0136796, WO 2011/056652, US 2012/0277217, WO 2012/142237, US 2014/0066625).

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is an OX40 agonist. In some embodiments, an OX40 agonist is an agonistic OX40 antibody. In some embodiments, an OX40 antibody is MEDI-6383 or MEDI-6469.

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is an OX40L antagonist. In some embodiments, an OX40L antagonist is an antagonistic OX40 antibody. In some embodiments, an OX40L antagonist is RG-7888 (WO 2006/029879, US 7,501,496).

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a CD40 agonist. In some embodiments, a CD40 agonist is an agonistic CD40 antibody. In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a CD40 antagonist. In some embodiments, a CD40 antagonist is an antagonistic CD40 antibody. In some embodiments, a CD40 antibody is lucatumumab or dacetuzumab.

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a CD27 agonist. In some embodiments, a CD27 agonist is an agonistic CD27 antibody. In some embodiments, a CD27 antibody is varlilumab.

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is MGA271 (to B7H3) (WO 2011/109400, US 2013/0149236).

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is abagovomab, adecatumumab, afutuzumab, alemtuzumab, anatumomab mafenatox, apolizumab, atezolimab, avelumab, blinatumomab, BMS-936559, catumaxomab, durvalumab, epacadostat, epratuzumab, indoximod, inotuzumab ozogamicin, intelumumab, ipilimumab, isatuximab, lambrolizumab, MED14736, MPDL3280A, nivolumab, obinutuzumab, ocaratuzumab, ofatumumab, olatatumab, pembrolizumab, pidilizumab, rituximab, ticilimumab, samalizumab, or tremelimumab.

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is an immunostimulatory agent. For example, antibodies blocking the PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitory axis can unleash activated tumor-reactive T cells and have been shown in clinical trials to induce durable anti-tumor responses in increasing numbers of tumor histologies, including some tumor types that conventionally have not been considered immunotherapy sensitive. See, e.g., Okazaki, T. et al. (2013) Nat. Immunol. 14, 1212-1218; Zou et al. (2016) Sci. Transl. Med. 8. The anti-PD-1 antibody nivolumab (Opdivo®, Bristol-Myers Squibb, also known as ONO-4538, MDX1106 and BMS-936558), has shown potential to improve the overall survival in patients with RCC who had experienced disease progression during or after prior anti-angiogenic therapy.

In some embodiments, the immunomodulatory therapeutic specifically induces apoptosis of tumor cells. Approved immunomodulatory therapeutics which may be used in the present invention include pomalidomide (Pomalyst®, Celgene); lenalidomide (Revlimid®, Celgene); ingenol mebutate (Picato®, LEO Pharma).

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a cancer vaccine. In some embodiments, the cancer vaccine is selected from sipuleucel-T (Provenge®, Dendreon/Valeant Pharmaceuticals), which has been approved for treatment of asymptomatic, or minimally symptomatic metastatic castrate-resistant (hormone-refractory) prostate cancer; and talimogene laherparepvec (Imlygic®, BioVex/Amgen, previously known as T-VEC), a genetically modified oncolytic viral therapy approved for treatment of unresectable cutaneous, subcutaneous and nodal lesions in melanoma. In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is selected from an oncolytic viral therapy such as pexastimogene devacirepvec (PexaVec/JX-594, SillaJen/formerly Jennerex Biotherapeutics), a thymidine kinase- (TK-) deficient vaccinia virus engineered to express GM-CSF, for hepatocellular carcinoma (NCT02562755) and melanoma (NCT00429312); pelareorep (Reolysin®, Oncolytics Biotech), a variant of respiratory enteric orphan virus (reovirus) which does not replicate in cells that are not RAS-activated, in numerous cancers, including colorectal cancer (NCT01622543); prostate cancer (NCT01619813); head and neck squamous cell cancer (NCT01166542); pancreatic adenocarcinoma (NCT00998322); and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (NCT 00861627); enadenotucirev (NG-348, PsiOxus, formerly known as ColoAd1), an adenovirus engineered to express a full length CD80 and an antibody fragment specific for the T-cell receptor CD3 protein, in ovarian cancer (NCT02028117); metastatic or advanced epithelial tumors such as in colorectal cancer, bladder cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and salivary gland cancer (NCT02636036); ONCOS-102 (Targovax/formerly Oncos), an adenovirus engineered to express GM-CSF, in melanoma (NCT03003676); and peritoneal disease, colorectal cancer or ovarian cancer (NCT02963831); GL-ONC1 (GLV-1h68/GLV-1h153, Genelux GmbH), vaccinia viruses engineered to express beta-galactosidase (beta-gal)/beta-glucoronidase or beta-gal/human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS), respectively, were studied in peritoneal carcinomatosis (NCT01443260); fallopian tube cancer, ovarian cancer (NCT 02759588); or CG0070 (Cold Genesys), an adenovirus engineered to express GM-CSF, in bladder cancer (NCT02365818).

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is selected from JX-929 (SillaJen/formerly Jennerex Biotherapeutics), a TK- and vaccinia growth factor-deficient vaccinia virus engineered to express cytosine deaminase, which is able to convert the prodrug 5-fluorocytosine to the cytotoxic drug 5-fluorouracil; TG01 and TG02 (Targovax/formerly Oncos), peptide-based immunotherapy agents targeted for difficult-to-treat RAS mutations; and TILT-123 (TILT Biotherapeutics), an engineered adenovirus designated: Ad5/3-E2F-delta24-hTNFα-IRES-hIL20; and VSV-GP (ViraTherapeutics) a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) engineered to express the glycoprotein (GP) of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), which can be further engineered to express antigens designed to raise an antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cell response.

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a T-cell engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor, or CAR. The T-cells engineered to express such chimeric antigen receptor are referred to as a CAR-T cells.

CARs have been constructed that consist of binding domains, which may be derived from natural ligands, single chain variable fragments (scFv) derived from monoclonal antibodies specific for cell-surface antigens, fused to endodomains that are the functional end of the T-cell receptor (TCR), such as the CD3-zeta signaling domain from TCRs, which is capable of generating an activation signal in T lymphocytes. Upon antigen binding, such CARs link to endogenous signaling pathways in the effector cell and generate activating signals similar to those initiated by the TCR complex.

For example, in some embodiments the CAR-T cell is one of those described in U.S. Pat. 8,906,682, the entirety of each of which is herein incorporated by reference, which discloses CAR-T cells engineered to comprise an extracellular domain having an antigen binding domain (such as a domain that binds to CD19), fused to an intracellular signaling domain of the T cell antigen receptor complex zeta chain (such as CD3 zeta). When expressed in the T cell, the CAR is able to redirect antigen recognition based on the antigen binding specificity. In the case of CD19, the antigen is expressed on malignant B cells. Over 200 clinical trials are currently in progress employing CAR-T in a wide range of indications. [https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=chimeric+antigen+receptors&pg=1].

In some embodiments, an immunostimulatory agent is an activator of retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor y (RORyt). RORyt is a transcription factor with key roles in the differentiation and maintenance of Type 17 effector subsets of CD4+ (Th17) and CD8+ (Tc17) T cells, as well as the differentiation of IL-17 expressing innate immune cell subpopulations such as NK cells. In some embodiments, an activator of RORyt is LYC-55716 (Lycera), which is currently being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of solid tumors (NCT02929862).

In some embodiments, an immunostimulatory agent is an agonist or activator of a toll-like receptor (TLR). Suitable activators of TLRs include an agonist or activator of TLR9 such as SD-101 (Dynavax). SD-101 is an immunostimulatory CpG which is being studied for B-cell, follicular and other lymphomas (NCT02254772). Agonists or activators of TLR8 which may be used in the present invention include motolimod (VTX-2337, VentiRx Pharmaceuticals) which is being studied for squamous cell cancer of the head and neck (NCT02124850) and ovarian cancer (NCT02431559).

Other immuno-oncology agents that may be used in the present invention include urelumab (BMS-663513, Bristol-Myers Squibb), an anti-CD137 monoclonal antibody; varlilumab (CDX-1127, Celldex Therapeutics), an anti-CD27 monoclonal antibody; BMS-986178 (Bristol-Myers Squibb), an anti-OX40 monoclonal antibody; lirilumab (IPH2102BMS-986015, Innate Pharma, Bristol-Myers Squibb), an anti-KIR monoclonal antibody; monalizumab (IPH2201, Innate Pharma, AstraZeneca) an anti-NKG2A monoclonal antibody; andecaliximab (GS-5745, Gilead Sciences), an anti-MMP9 antibody; MK-4166 (Merck & Co.), an anti-GITR monoclonal antibody.

In some embodiments, an immunostimulatory agent is selected from elotuzumab, mifamurtide, an agonist or activator of a toll-like receptor, and an activator of RORyt.

In some embodiments, an immunostimulatory therapeutic is recombinant human interleukin 15 (rhIL-15). rhIL-15 has been tested in the clinic as a therapy for melanoma and renal cell carcinoma (NCT01021059 and NCT01369888) and leukemias (NCT02689453). In some embodiments, an immunostimulatory agent is recombinant human interleukin 12 (rhIL-12). In some embodiments, an IL-15 based immunotherapeutic is heterodimeric IL-15 (hetIL-15, Novartis/Admune), a fusion complex composed of a synthetic form of endogenous IL-15 complexed to the soluble IL-15 binding protein IL-15 receptor alpha chain (IL15:sIL-15RA), which has been tested in Phase 1 clinical trials for melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (NCT02452268). In some embodiments, a recombinant human interleukin 12 (rhIL-12) is NM-IL-12 (Neumedicines, Inc.), NCT02544724, or NCT02542124.

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is selected from those descripted in Jerry L. Adams ET. AL., “Big opportunities for small molecules in immuno-oncology,” Cancer Therapy 2015, Vol. 14, pages 603-622, the content of which is incorporated herein by refenrece in its entirety. In some embodimetne, an immuno-oncology agent is selected from the examples described in Table 1 of Jerry L. Adams ET. AL. In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a small molecule targeting an immuno-oncoloby target selected from those listed in Table 2 of Jerry L. Adams ET. AL. In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a small molecule agent selectd from those listed in Table 2 of Jerry L. Adams ET. AL.

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is selected from the small molecule immuno-oncology agents described in Peter L. Toogood, “Small molecule immuno-oncology therapeutic agents,” Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2018, Vol. 28, pages 319-329, the content of which is incorporated herein by refenrece in its entirety. In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is an agent targeting the pathways as described in Peter L. Toogood.

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is selected from those described in Sandra L. Ross et al., “Bispecific T cell engager (BiTE® ) antibody constructs can mediate bystander tumor cell killing”, PLoS ONE 12(8): e0183390, the conten of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a bispecific T cell engager (BiTE®) antibody construct. In some embodimens, a bispecific T cell engager (BiTE®) antibody construct is a CD19/CD3 bispecific antibody construct. In some embodimens, a bispecific T cell engager (BiTE®) antibody construct is an EGFR/CD3 bispecific antibody construct. In some embodimens, a bispecific T cell engager (BiTE®) antibody construct activates T cells. In some embodimens, a bispecific T cell engager (BiTE®) antibody construct activates T cells, which release cytokines inducing upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and FAS on bystander cells. In some embodimens, a bispecific T cell engager (BiTE®) antibody construct activates T cells which result in induced bystander cell lysis. In some embodiments, the bystander cells are in solid tumors. In some embodiments, the bystander cells being lysed are in proximity to the BiTE®-acticvated T cells. In some embodiment, the bystander cells comprises tumor-associated antigen (TAA) negatgive cancer cells. In some embodiment, the bystander cells comprise EGFR-negative cancer cells. In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is an antibody which blocks the PD-L1/PD1 axis and/or CTLA4. In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is an ex-vivo expanded tumor-infiltrating T cell. In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a bispecific antibody construct or chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that directly connect T cells with tumor-associated surface antigens (TAAs).

Exemplary Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is an immune checkpoint inhibitor as described herein.

The term “checkpoint inhibitor” as used herein relates to agents useful in preventing cancer cells from avoiding the immune system of the patient. One of the major mechanisms of anti-tumor immunity subversion is known as “T-cell exhaustion,” which results from chronic exposure to antigens that has led to up-regulation of inhibitory receptors. These inhibitory receptors serve as immune checkpoints in order to prevent uncontrolled immune reactions.

PD-1 and co-inhibitory receptors such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4, B and T Lymphocyte Attenuator (BTLA; CD272), T cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin domain-3 (Tim-3), Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3 (Lag-3; CD223), and others are often referred to as a checkpoint regulators. They act as molecular “gatekeepers” that allow extracellular information to dictate whether cell cycle progression and other intracellular signaling processes should proceed.

In some embodiments, an immune checkpoint inhibitor is an antibody to PD-1. PD-1 binds to the programmed cell death 1 receptor (PD-1) to prevent the receptor from binding to the inhibitory ligand PDL-1, thus overriding the ability of tumors to suppress the host anti-tumor immune response.

In one aspect, the checkpoint inhibitor is a biologic therapeutic or a small molecule. In another aspect, the checkpoint inhibitor is a monoclonal antibody, a humanized antibody, a fully human antibody, a fusion protein or a combination thereof. In a further aspect, the checkpoint inhibitor inhibits a checkpoint protein selected from CTLA-4, PDL1, PDL2, PD1, B7-H3, B7-H4, BTLA, HVEM, TIM3, GAL9, LAG3, VISTA, KIR, 2B4, CD160, CGEN-15049, CHK 1, CHK2, A2aR, B-7 family ligands or a combination thereof. In an additional aspect, the checkpoint inhibitor interacts with a ligand of a checkpoint protein selected from CTLA-4, PDL1, PDL2, PD1, B7-H3, B7-H4, BTLA, HVEM, TIM3, GAL9, LAG3, VISTA, KIR, 2B4, CD160, CGEN-15049, CHK 1, CHK2, A2aR, B-7 family ligands or a combination thereof. In an aspect, the checkpoint inhibitor is an immunostimulatory agent, a T cell growth factor, an interleukin, an antibody, a vaccine or a combination thereof. In a further aspect, the interleukin is IL-7 or IL-15. In a specific aspect, the interleukin is glycosylated IL-7. In an additional aspect, the vaccine is a dendritic cell (DC) vaccine.

Checkpoint inhibitors include any agent that blocks or inhibits in a statistically significant manner, the inhibitory pathways of the immune system. Such inhibitors may include small molecule inhibitors or may include antibodies, or antigen binding fragments thereof, that bind to and block or inhibit immune checkpoint receptors or antibodies that bind to and block or inhibit immune checkpoint receptor ligands. Illustrative checkpoint molecules that may be targeted for blocking or inhibition include, but are not limited to, CTLA-4, PDL1, PDL2, PD1, B7-H3, B7-H4, BTLA, HVEM, GAL9, LAG3, TIM3, VISTA, KIR, 2B4 (belongs to the CD2 family of molecules and is expressed on all NK, γδ, and memory CD8⁺ (αβ) T cells), CD160 (also referred to as BY55), CGEN-15049, CHK 1 and CHK2 kinases, A2aR, and various B-7 family ligands. B7 family ligands include, but are not limited to, B7- 1, B7-2, B7-DC, B7-H1, B7-H2, B7-H3, B7-H4, B7-H5, B7-H6 and B7-H7. Checkpoint inhibitors include antibodies, or antigen binding fragments thereof, other binding proteins, biologic therapeutics, or small molecules, that bind to and block or inhibit the activity of one or more of CTLA-4, PDL1, PDL2, PD1, BTLA, HVEM, TIM3, GAL9, LAG3, VISTA, KIR, 2B4, CD 160 and CGEN-15049. Illustrative immune checkpoint inhibitors include Tremelimumab (CTLA-4 blocking antibody), anti-OX40, PD-L1 monoclonal Antibody (Anti-B7-Hl; MEDI4736), MK-3475 (PD-1 blocker), Nivolumab (anti-PDl antibody), CT-011 (anti-PDl antibody), BY55 monoclonal antibody, AMP224 (anti-PDLl antibody), BMS- 936559 (anti-PDLl antibody), MPLDL3280A (anti-PDLl antibody), MSB0010718C (anti-PDLl antibody), and ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4 checkpoint inhibitor). Checkpoint protein ligands include, but are not limited to PD-L1, PD-L2, B7-H3, B7-H4, CD28, CD86 and TIM-3.

In certain embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitor is selected from a PD-1 antagonist, a PD-L1 antagonist, and a CTLA-4 antagonist. In some embodiments, the checkpoint inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of nivolumab (Opdivo®), ipilimumab (Yervoy®), and pembrolizumab (Keytruda®). In some embodiments, the checkpoint inhibitor is selected from nivolumab (anti-PD-1 antibody, Opdivo®, Bristol-Myers Squibb); pembrolizumab (anti-PD-1 antibody, Keytruda®, Merck); ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4 antibody, Yervoy®, Bristol-Myers Squibb); durvalumab (anti-PD-L1 antibody, Imfinzi®, AstraZeneca); and atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1 antibody, Tecentriq®, Genentech).

In some embodiments, the checkpoint inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of lambrolizumab (MK-3475), nivolumab (BMS-936558), pidilizumab (CT-011), AMP-224, MDX-1105, MEDI4736, MPDL3280A, BMS-936559, ipilimumab, lirlumab, IPH2101, pembrolizumab (Keytruda®), and tremelimumab.

In some embodiments, an immune checkpoint inhibitor is REGN2810 (Regeneron), an anti-PD-1 antibody tested in patients with basal cell carcinoma (NCT03132636); NSCLC (NCT03088540); cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (NCT02760498); lymphoma (NCT02651662); and melanoma (NCT03002376); pidilizumab (CureTech), also known as CT-011, an antibody that binds to PD-1, in clinical trials for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and multiple myeloma; avelumab (Bavencio®, Pfizer/Merck KGaA), also known as MSB0010718C), a fully human IgG1 anti-PD-L1 antibody, in clinical trials for non-small cell lung cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma, mesothelioma, solid tumors, renal cancer, ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, head and neck cancer, and gastric cancer; or PDR001 (Novartis), an inhibitory antibody that binds to PD-1, in clinical trials for non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, triple negative breast cancer and advanced or metastatic solid tumors. Tremelimumab (CP-675,206; Astrazeneca) is a fully human monoclonal antibody against CTLA-4 that has been in studied in clinical trials for a number of indications, including: mesothelioma, colorectal cancer, kidney cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer, germ cell cancer, squamous cell cancer of the head and neck, hepatocellular carcinoma, prostate cancer, endometrial cancer, metastatic cancer in the liver, liver cancer, large B-cell lymphoma, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, metastatic anaplastic thyroid cancer, urothelial cancer, fallopian tube cancer, multiple myeloma, bladder cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, and melanoma. AGEN-1884 (Agenus) is an anti-CTLA4 antibody that is being studied in Phase 1 clinical trials for advanced solid tumors (NCT02694822).

In some embodiments, a checkpoint inhibitor is an inhibitor of T-cell immunoglobulin mucin containing protein-3 (TIM-3). TIM-3 inhibitors that may be used in the present invention include TSR-022, LY3321367 and MBG453. TSR-022 (Tesaro) is an anti-TIM-3 antibody which is being studied in solid tumors (NCT02817633). LY3321367 (Eli Lilly) is an anti-TIM-3 antibody which is being studied in solid tumors (NCT03099109). MBG453 (Novartis) is an anti-TIM-3 antibody which is being studied in advanced malignancies (NCT02608268).

In some embodiments, a checkpoint inhibitor is an inhibitor of T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains, or TIGIT, an immune receptor on certain T cells and NK cells. TIGIT inhibitors that may be used in the present invention include BMS-986207 (Bristol-Myers Squibb), an anti-TIGIT monoclonal antibody (NCT02913313); OMP-313M32 (Oncomed); and anti-TIGIT monoclonal antibody (NCT03119428).

In some embodiments, a checkpoint inhibitor is an inhibitor of Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3 (LAG-3). LAG-3 inhibitors that may be used in the present invention include BMS-986016 and REGN3767 and IMP321. BMS-986016 (Bristol-Myers Squibb), an anti-LAG-3 antibody, is being studied in glioblastoma and gliosarcoma (NCT02658981). REGN3767 (Regeneron), is also an anti-LAG-3 antibody, and is being studied in malignancies (NCT03005782). IMP321 (Immutep S.A.) is an LAG-3-Ig fusion protein, being studied in melanoma (NCT02676869); adenocarcinoma (NCT02614833); and metastatic breast cancer (NCT00349934).

Checkpoint inhibitors that may be used in the present invention include OX40 agonists. OX40 agonists that are being studied in clinical trials include PF-04518600/PF-8600 (Pfizer), an agonistic anti-OX40 antibody, in metastatic kidney cancer (NCT03092856) and advanced cancers and neoplasms (NCT02554812; NCT05082566); GSK3174998 (Merck), an agonistic anti-OX40 antibody, in Phase 1 cancer trials (NCT02528357); MEDI0562 (Medimmune/AstraZeneca), an agonistic anti-OX40 antibody, in advanced solid tumors (NCT02318394 and NCT02705482); MEDI6469, an agonistic anti-OX40 antibody (Medimmune/AstraZeneca), in patients with colorectal cancer (NCT02559024), breast cancer (NCT01862900), head and neck cancer (NCT02274155) and metastatic prostate cancer (NCT01303705); and BMS-986178 (Bristol-Myers Squibb) an agonistic anti-OX40 antibody, in advanced cancers (NCT02737475).

Checkpoint inhibitors that may be used in the present invention include CD137 (also called 4-1BB) agonists. CD137 agonists that are being studied in clinical trials include utomilumab (PF-05082566, Pfizer) an agonistic anti-CD137 antibody, in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (NCT02951156) and in advanced cancers and neoplasms (NCT02554812 and NCT05082566); urelumab (BMS-663513, Bristol-Myers Squibb), an agonistic anti-CD137 antibody, in melanoma and skin cancer (NCT02652455) and glioblastoma and gliosarcoma (NCT02658981).

Checkpoint inhibitors that may be used in the present invention include CD27 agonists. CD27 agonists that are being studied in clinical trials include varlilumab (CDX-1127, Celldex Therapeutics) an agonistic anti-CD27 antibody, in squamous cell head and neck cancer, ovarian carcinoma, colorectal cancer, renal cell cancer, and glioblastoma (NCT02335918); lymphomas (NCT01460134); and glioma and astrocytoma (NCT02924038).

Checkpoint inhibitors that may be used in the present invention include glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR) agonists. GITR agonists that are being studied in clinical trials include TRX518 (Leap Therapeutics), an agonistic anti-GITR antibody, in malignant melanoma and other malignant solid tumors (NCT01239134 and NCT02628574); GWN323 (Novartis), an agonistic anti-GITR antibody, in solid tumors and lymphoma (NCT 02740270); INCAGN01876 (Incyte/Agenus), an agonistic anti-GITR antibody, in advanced cancers (NCT02697591 and NCT03126110); MK-4166 (Merck), an agonistic anti-GITR antibody, in solid tumors (NCT02132754) and MEDI1873 (Medimmune/AstraZeneca), an agonistic hexameric GITR-ligand molecule with a human IgG1 Fc domain, in advanced solid tumors (NCT02583165).

Checkpoint inhibitors that may be used in the present invention include inducible T-cell co-stimulator (ICOS, also known as CD278) agonists. ICOS agonists that are being studied in clinical trials include MEDI-570 (Medimmune), an agonistic anti-ICOS antibody, in lymphomas (NCT02520791); GSK3359609 (Merck), an agonistic anti-ICOS antibody, in Phase 1 (NCT02723955); JTX-2011 (Jounce Therapeutics), an agonistic anti-ICOS antibody, in Phase 1 (NCT02904226).

Checkpoint inhibitors that may be used in the present invention include killer IgG-like receptor (KIR) inhibitors. KIR inhibitors that are being studied in clinical trials include lirilumab (IPH2102/BMS-986015, Innate Pharma/Bristol-Myers Squibb), an anti-KIR antibody, in leukemias (NCT01687387, NCT02399917, NCT02481297, NCT02599649), multiple myeloma (NCT02252263), and lymphoma (NCT01592370); IPH2101 (1-7F9, Innate Pharma) in myeloma (NCT01222286 and NCT01217203); and IPH4102 (Innate Pharma), an anti-KIR antibody that binds to three domains of the long cytoplasmic tail (KIR3DL2), in lymphoma (NCT02593045).

Checkpoint inhibitors that may be used in the present invention include CD47 inhibitors of interaction between CD47 and signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPa). CD47/SIRPa inhibitors that are being studied in clinical trials include ALX-148 (Alexo Therapeutics), an antagonistic variant of (SIRPa) that binds to CD47 and prevents CD47/SIRPa-mediated signaling, in phase 1 (NCT03013218); TTI-621 (SIRPa-Fc, Trillium Therapeutics), a soluble recombinant fusion protein created by linking the N-terminal CD47-binding domain of SIRPa with the Fc domain of human IgG1, acts by binding human CD47, and preventing it from delivering its “do not eat” signal to macrophages, is in clinical trials in Phase 1 (NCT02890368 and NCT02663518); CC-90002 (Celgene), an anti-CD47 antibody, in leukemias (NCT02641002); and Hu5F9-G4 (Forty Seven, Inc.), in colorectal neoplasms and solid tumors (NCT02953782), acute myeloid leukemia (NCT02678338) and lymphoma (NCT02953509).

Checkpoint inhibitors that may be used in the present invention include CD73 inhibitors. CD73 inhibitors that are being studied in clinical trials include MEDI9447 (Medimmune), an anti-CD73 antibody, in solid tumors (NCT02503774); and BMS-986179 (Bristol-Myers Squibb), an anti-CD73 antibody, in solid tumors (NCT02754141).

Checkpoint inhibitors that may be used in the present invention include agonists of stimulator of interferon genes protein (STING, also known as transmembrane protein 173, or TMEM173). Agonists of STING that are being studied in clinical trials include MK-1454 (Merck), an agonistic synthetic cyclic dinucleotide, in lymphoma (NCT03010176); and ADU-S100 (MIW815, Aduro Biotech/Novartis), an agonistic synthetic cyclic dinucleotide, in Phase 1 (NCT02675439 and NCT03172936).

Checkpoint inhibitors that may be used in the present invention include CSF1R inhibitors. CSF1R inhibitors that are being studied in clinical trials include pexidartinib (PLX3397, Plexxikon), a CSF1R small molecule inhibitor, in colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, metastatic and advanced cancers (NCT02777710) and melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, squamous cell head and neck cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) and ovarian cancer (NCT02452424); and IMC-CS4 (LY3022855, Lilly), an anti-CSF-1R antibody, in pancreatic cancer (NCT03153410), melanoma (NCT03101254), and solid tumors (NCT02718911); and BLZ945 (4-[2((1R,2R)-2-hydroxycyclohexylamino)-benzothiazol-6-yloxyl]-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid methylamide, Novartis), an orally available inhibitor of CSF1R, in advanced solid tumors (NCT02829723).

Checkpoint inhibitors that may be used in the present invention include NKG2A receptor inhibitors. NKG2A receptor inhibitors that are being studied in clinical trials include monalizumab (IPH2201, Innate Pharma), an anti-NKG2A antibody, in head and neck neoplasms (NCT02643550) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (NCT02557516).

In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitor is selected from nivolumab, pembrolizumab, ipilimumab, avelumab, durvalumab, atezolizumab, or pidilizumab.

EXEMPLIFICATION

As depicted in the Examples below, in certain exemplary embodiments, compounds are prepared according to the following general procedures. It will be appreciated that, although the general methods depict the synthesis of certain compounds of the present invention, the following general methods, and other methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art, can be applied to all compounds and subclasses and species of each of these compounds, as described herein.

Example 1. Time-Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (TR-FRET) Assay

Equal volumes of His-tagged CRBN-DDB1 complex (56 nM) was mixed with Eucryptate labeled Anti-6HIS-monoclonal antibody (50x dilution from the commercial stock solution, Vender: Cisbio, Cat. #61HI2KLA) in a final buffer containing 20 mM HEPES pH 7.0, 150 mM NaCl, 0.005% Tween-20. The solution was then mixed with Cy5-labeled thalidomide (final 8 nM) and various concentrations of compounds (a serial 3-fold dilution with the top concentration 200 uM). The mixture were incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. FRET signals were measured on an EnVision plate reader (Perkin Elmer) by exciting at 340 nm and recording emission at both 615 nm as no FRET control and 665 nm as the FRET signals with a 60 microsecond delay. FRET efficiency was calculated as the ratio of fluorescent signals at 665 nM/615 nM. Quantitative loss of FRET efficiency as a function of compound concentrations was fitted by a four-parameter Logistic Function using GraphPad Prism 7.0 and the IC50 values were reported for each compound.

Example 2 Fluorescence Polarization (FP) Assay

Untagged CRBN-DDB1 complex (final 50 nM) was mixed with Cy5-labeled thalidomide (final 20 nM) and various concentrations of compounds (a serial 3-fold dilution with the top concentration of 200 uM). The final solution contained 50 mM HEPES, 200 mM NaCl and 2 mM DTT, pH 7.5. The mixtures were incubated at room temperature for 10 min. The FP signals were recorded on an EnVision plate reader (Perkin Elmer) using the following settings: Excitation Light (%): 100; Measurement Height: 12; G-Factor: 1; Detector Gain 1: 500; Detector Gain 2: 500; Flash Number: 100. Dose-dependent loss of FP signals was fitted by four-parameter Logistic Function using GraphPad Prism 7.0 and the IC50 values were reported for each compound.

While we have described a number of embodiments of this invention, it is apparent that our basic examples may be altered to provide other embodiments that utilize the compounds and methods of this invention. Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of this invention is to be defined by the appended claims rather than by the specific embodiments that have been represented by way of example. 

We claim: 1-19. (canceled)
 20. A method of treating a target protein-mediated disorder, disease, or condition in a patient comprising administering to said patient a compound of Formula II-b‴:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each R¹ is independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, —CN, —OR, —SR,—S(O)R,—S(O)2R, —N(R)₂, —Si(R)3, —P(O)(R)₂, or an optionally substituted C₁₋₄ aliphatic: or two R¹ groups on the same carbon are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 3-6 membered spiro fused ring or a 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, and sulfur; two R¹ groups on adjacent carbon atoms are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 3-7 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, and sulfur, or a 7-13 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, and sulfur; each R is independently hydrogen, deuterium, or an optionally substituted group selected from C₁₋₆ aliphatic, phenyl, a 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, and sulfur, a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, and sulfur, a 7-13 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, and sulfur, and a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, and sulfur; or two R groups on the same nitrogen are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 4-8 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or heteroaryl monocyclic ring having 0-1 heteroatom, in addition to the nitrogen, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, and sulfur, or a 7-13 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 0-2 heteroatoms, in addition to the nitrogen, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, and sulfur; each RZ is independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OR, —SR, —NR₂, —Si(OH)₂R, —Si(OH)(R)₂, —Si(R)3, —S(O)₂R, —S(O)₂NR₂, —S(O)R, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NR₂, —C(O)N(R)OR, —OC(O)R, —OC(O)NR₂, —N(R)C(O)OR, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)C(O)NR₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —N(R)S(O)₂NR₂, —P(O)(OR)₂, —P(O)(NR₂)OR, —P(O)(NR₂)₂, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ aliphatic, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, and sulfur, optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, optionally substituted 7-13 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, and sulfur; or a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, and sulfur; L² is a covalent bond or a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C₁₋₅₀ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 0-6 methylene units of L² are independently replaced by —Cy—, —O—, —NR—, —S—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —Si(R¹)₂—, —P(O)(R1)—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—,—NRS(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR—, —NRC(O)—, —C(O)NR—, —OC(O)NR—, —NRC(O)O—,

wherein: each -Cy- is independently an optionally substituted bivalent ring selected from phenylenyl, 8-10 membered bicyclic arylenyl, 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclylenyl, 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spiro carbocyclylenyl, 8-10 membered bicyclic saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclylenyl, 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, and sulfur, 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated spiro heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, and sulfur, 8-10 membered bicyclic saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, and sulfur, 5-6 membered heteroarylenyl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, and sulfur, or 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroarylenyl having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, and sulfur; Ring B is selected from a 3 to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, phenyl, 8-10 membered bicyclic carbocyclic aromatic ring, 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, and sulfur, 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, and sulfur, 7-13 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, and sulfur, or a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, and sulfur; TBM is a target binding moiety; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and each of p is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or
 10. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the disorder is squamous-cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinomas, and renal cell carcinomas, cancer of the bladder, bowel, breast, cervix, colon, esophagus, head, kidney, liver, lung, neck, ovary, pancreas, prostate, and stomach; leukemias; benign and malignant lymphomas, particularly Burkitt’s lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma; benign and malignant melanomas; myeloproliferative diseases; multiple myeloma, sarcomas, including Ewing’s sarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, liposarcoma, myosarcomas, peripheral neuroepithelioma, synovial sarcoma, gliomas, astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, ependymomas, gliobastomas, neuroblastomas, ganglioneuromas, gangliogliomas, medulloblastomas, pineal cell tumors, meningiomas, meningeal sarcomas, neurofibromas, and Schwannomas; bowel cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, cervical cancer, uterine cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, testicular cancer, thyroid cancer, astrocytoma, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, colon cancer, melanoma; carcinosarcoma, Hodgkin’s disease, Wilms’ tumor or teratocarcinomas, T-lineage Acute lymphoblastic Leukemia (T-ALL), T-lineage lymphoblastic Lymphoma (T-LL), Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, Adult T-cell Leukemia, Pre-B ALL, Pre-B Lymphomas, Large B-cell Lymphoma, Burkitts Lymphoma, B-cell ALL, Philadelphia chromosome positive ALL and Philadelphia chromosome positive CML. 22-24. (canceled)
 25. The method of claim 20, wherein each R¹ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, —CN, —OR, —SR, —S(O)R, —S(O)₂R, —N(R)₂, or an optionally substituted C₁₋₄ aliphatic.
 26. The method of claim 20, wherein each R² is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —OR, —SR, —N(R)₂, —S(O)₂R, —S(O)₂N(R)₂, —S(O)R, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NR₂, —C(O)N(R)OR, —OC(O)R, —OC(O)NR₂, —N(R)C(O)OR, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)C(O)NR₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ aliphatic, optionally substituted phenyl, an optionally substituted 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, or an optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
 27. The method of claim 20, wherein L² is selected from a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C₁₋₂₀ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 0-6 methylene units of L² are independently replaced by —Cy—, —O—, —NR—, —S—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NRS(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR—, —NRC(O)—, —C(O)NR—, —OC(O)NR—, and —NRC(O)O—.
 28. The method of claim 20, wherein Ring B is selected from phenylenyl, 8-10 membered bicyclic arylenyl, 5-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, 8-10 membered partially saturated bicyclic heteroarylenyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, 5-6 membered heteroarylenyl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroarylenyl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
 29. The method of claim 20, wherein L² is

.
 30. The method of claim 20, wherein TBM is

.
 31. The method of claim 20, wherein said compound is selected from the following:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 